TEORITEORI BELAJAR

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TEORI-TEORI BELAJAR

• Kuliah 9

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Fokus pada nilai apa yang dipelajari dan proses
ketika situasi belajar terjadiide dan perilaku
yang dapat dipelajari dan mendukung terjadinya
pelanggaran hukum
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Asumsi dasarBelajar (learning) adalah
kebiasaan dan pengetahuan yang berkembang sebagai
hasil dari pengalaman individu saat memasuki dan
menyesuaikan diri dalam lingkungan tertentu
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Belajar melalui peng-asosiasi-an
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Tiga cara individu dapat pelajari melalui asosiasi

• Classical conditioning / Pavlovian
• Operant conditioning / Skinnerian / reward
  punishment principle
• Social learning / Bandurian / associationism plus
  expectations

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Law of Imitation - Tarde

• People imitate one another. Crime begins as a
  fashion and later becomes a custom
• The inferior usually imitates the superior
• The newer fashion displace the older ones

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Differential Association Theory Sutherland

• Criminal behavior is learned
• Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with
  other persons in a process of communication
• The principal part of the learning of criminal
  behavior occurs within intimate personal groups
• When criminal behavior is learned, the learning
  includes (1) techniques of committing the crime,
  which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes
  very simple, (2) the specific direction of the
  motives, drives, rationalization and attitudes
• The specific directions of the motives and drives
  is learned from definitions of the legal codes as
  favorable or unfavorable. In some societies an
  individual is surrounded by persons who
  invariably define the legal codes as rules to be
  observed, while in others he is surrounded by
  persons whose definitions are favorable to the
  violation of the legal codes
• A person becomes delinquent because of an excess
  of definitions favorable to violation of law over
  definitions unfavorable to violation of law. This
  is the principle of differential association
• Differential associations may vary in frequency,
  duration, priority, and intensity. This means
  that associations with criminal behavior and also
  associations with anti criminal behavior vary in
  those respects
• The process of learning criminal behavior by
  association with criminal and anti criminal
  patterns involves all of the mechanism that are
  involved in any other learning
• While criminal behavior is an expression of
  general needs and values, it is not explained by
  those general needs and values, since non
  criminal behavior is an expression of the same
  needs and values. Thieves generally steal in
  order to secure money, but likewise honest
  laborers work in order to secure money. The
  attempts by many scholars to explain criminal
  behavior by general drives and values, such as
  the happiness principle, striving for social
  status, the money motive, of frustration, have
  been, and must continue to be, futile, since they
  explain lawful behavior as completely as they
  explain criminal behavior. They are similar to
  respiration, which is necessary for any behavior,
  but which does not differentiate criminal from
  non criminal behavior

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Cultural Subcultural Theory Walter B. Miller

• Role of ideas in causing criminal behaviors
  among lower class. The lower class has a
  separate, identifiable culture distinct from the
  culture of the middle class. Lower class focal
  concerns are trouble, toughness,
  smartness, excitement, fate, autonomy
  generating milieu interacts with several social
  conditions typically found in poor areas.

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Criminal Theory Wolfgang Ferracuti

• Constant underlying conflicts of values as well
  as normative conflicts between the dominant
  culture and subculture of violence People who do
  not follow the norms are criticized, ridiculed by
  other people or becoming a victim of the
  violence. Even if nether person approves of the
  violence, all people are expected to respond
  violently

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Differential Reinforcement Burgess Akers

• Criminal behavior is learned both in nonsocial
  situations that are reinforcing or discriminative
  and through that social interaction in which the
  behavior of other persons is reinforcing or
  discriminative for criminal behavior. The
  principal part of the learning of criminal
  behavior occurs in those groups which comprise
  the individuals major source of reinforcement