Sociology 339S Immigration and Employment Session 9 Second Generation: Employment Success March 13,

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Sociology 339SImmigration and
EmploymentSession 9Second Generation
Employment SuccessMarch 13, 2006

• Jeffrey G. Reitz
• Department of Sociology
• Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies
• Munk Centre for International Studies
• University of Toronto

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Todays Agenda

• Second Generation Employment Success Issues
• Review of Findings on Educational Attainments
• Findings from Canada-U.S. comparison (Reitz
  Zhang 2006)
• Implications and policies

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Second Generation Employment Success Issues

• Harbinger of future more definitive than
  educational attainment, but doubts
• Focus of studies of racial discrimination
• Research issues youth of second generation and
  career progression

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Review of Findings on Educational Attainments

• High educational attainments for children of
  visible minority immigrants (non-European
  origins)
• Group variations higher attainment for Asians,
  blacks may be lower than comparable mainstream
  populations
• Findings apply to both Canada (Boyd, Simmons and
  Plaza) and the U.S. (Farley and Alba)
• Comparison by Reitz and Zhang

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Findings on Children of non-European immigrants
Canada v. United States

• National comparison higher educational
  attainments for second generation minorities in
  the U.S.
• Despite lower occupational success
• Continued concentration in immigration cities
• Comparable educational attainments within
  immigration cities

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Data sources

• United States Current Population Surveys
• 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001 merged
• large mainstream samples, 2nd generation N
  Blacks 217, Chinese 110)
• 2003 to be added for increased sample size
• Canadian Census
• 1996 public use microdata file (PUMF)
• Large mainstream samples, 2nd generation N
  Blacks 798, Chinese 673)
• 2001 to be substituted for parental birthplace

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Generational change comparisons

• Mainstream population
• Older generation (aged 50) ? Younger
  mainstream (aged 25-39)
• /\
• 
  
• Immigrant groups \/
• Older immigrants (aged 50) ? Younger second
  generation (aged 25-39)

Compare Farley and Alba, 2002
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Educational attainment levels, US v. Canada
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Post-secondary categories below bachelors degree

• US
• Degree associate degree vocational or
  academic
• Non-degree some college
• Canada
• Degree Trade certificate or diploma
• Other non-university certificate or diploma
• University certificate or diploma below
  bachelors
• Non-degree Any program but no certificate or
  diploma

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Educational attainments within levels
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Educational attainment of the second generation,
aged 15-39 United States
Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Educational mobility of the second generation,
aged 25-39(bachelors degree only) United
States Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Populations in U.S. immigrant cities settled by
BlacksMainstream
Black Immigrants
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Populations in U.S. immigrant cities settled by
ChineseMainstream
Chinese Immigrants
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Urban settlement of second generation

• United States settlement cities for
• Whites
• Blacks
• Chinese

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Populations in Canadian immigrant
citiesMainstream
Black Immigrants
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Populations in Canadian immigrant
citiesMainstream
Chinese Immigrants
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Urban settlement of second generation

• Canadian settlement cities for
• Whites
• (No data)
• Blacks
• Chinese

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Educational attainment of the Black second
generation nationally and in immigration
citiesNational UrbanUS Canada US Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Educational mobility of the Black second
generation in immigration citiesUS CanadaMai
nstream Black origins Mainstream Black origins
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Educational attainment of Chinese second
generation nationally and in immigration
citiesNational UrbanUS Canada US Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Educational mobility of the Chinese second
generation in immigration citiesUS CanadaMai
nstream Chinese origins Mainstream Chinese
origins
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Education and earnings of the second generation
compared to mainstream, men United States
Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Education and earnings of the second generation
compared to mainstream, women United States
Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation?
• Carry-over from immigrant generation?
• Other institutional differences?

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No
• Ethnic differences remain
• Similar across contexts
• Segmented assimilation not affected by U.S.
  race relations

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No
• Ethnic differences remain
• Similar across contexts
• Segmented assimilation not affected by U.S.
  race relations
• Carry-over from immigrant generation? No

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No
• Ethnic differences remain
• Similar across contexts
• Segmented assimilation not affected by U.S.
  race relations
• Carry-over from immigrant generation? No
• Mainstream population sets educational standards
  in urban areas
• No segmentation by class cross-national and
  inter-urban variations in relative education and
  earnings have no effect

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No
• Ethnic differences remain
• Similar across contexts
• Segmented assimilation not affected by U.S.
  race relations
• Carry-over from immigrant generation? No
• Mainstream population sets educational standards
  in urban areas
• No segmentation by class cross-national and
  inter-urban variations in relative education and
  earnings have no effect
• Other institutional differences? Yes

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No
• Ethnic differences remain
• Similar across contexts
• Segmented assimilation not affected by U.S.
  race relations
• Carry-over from immigrant generation? No
• Mainstream population sets educational standards
  in urban areas
• No segmentation by class cross-national and
  inter-urban variations in relative education and
  earnings have no effect
• Other institutional differences? Yes
• urban concentration of second generation matters
• analogous to residential segregation

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Implications and Issues

• High education assimilation or separation?
• Earnings more discrimination in labour markets?
• Explanation for group variations?
• Promoting inter-urban migration?
• Impact of institutional change?