The genetic map of bacteriophage l

1
The genetic map of bacteriophage l
2
Control of transcription in bacteriophage l life
cycle by the anti-terminators N and Q proteins,
the activator CII protein and the
repressor/activator CI protein
3
Characteristics of diploid with gal80, gal4, and
GAL81c mutations
Mutations affecting galactose pathway in yeast Genotype Synthesis of GAL1,GAL7,and GAL10 RNAs Gal phenotype
gal80, GAL1/GAL80 GAL1 Inducible
gal4 GAL1/GAL4 GAL1 (gal4/gal4 ? uninducible) Inducible
GAL81c GAL1/GAL81 GAL1 Constitutive
4
The steps and enzymes involved in the utilization
of the sugar galactose in the yeast Saccharomyces
5
The transcriptional orientation of the 3 genes
coding for enzymes important in galactose
utilization in Saccharomyces
There synthesis is regulated by the transcription
activator Gal4 protein.
6
GAL4 bound to DNA
7
A protein with a C6-zinc finger (involves 6
cysteines)
Many transcription regulator proteins have one
(or more) zinc-finger domains
8
A retrovirus genome showing the location of the
transcription activation sites (enhancers)
The genome structure of mouse mammary tumor
virus is shown here
9
Analysis of genetic regulation using reporter
gene constructs
10
A transcription activator protein binds to the
enhancer site and also interacts with components
of the RNA polymerase to achieve increased
transcription
Enhancers and enhancer-binding proteins activate
transcription reminiscent of the CAP site and CRP
activator protein in the lac operon of E. coli.
11
A model for the structure of activator proteins
bound to 2 enhancers and RNA polymerase II bound
to the promoter and the interactions between them
Structures like this involving DNA with bound
activator proteins and RNA polymerase complex are
names enhanceosomes. TBP stands for
TATA-binding protein, a component of RNA
polymerase II associated factor, TFIID
12
Uncovering of transcription protein binding sites
by chromatin remodeling complexes makes binding
by transcription-proteins possible
13
Use of alternative promoters at different stages
in life
14
Different promoters may be enhanced depending
upon which activator protein is present in a cell
15
Alternative splicing of the primary transcript
16
Structure of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule
17
The distribution of variable, joining and
constant sequences which are spliced to create
many different light chain proteins
18
Mating type switching during the life cycle of
some strains of Saccharomyces
19
Both mating type genes are located on chromosome
III of Saccharomyces. The mating type of the
cellis determined by the sequence present at the
MAT site
20
Regulation of a-specific, a-specific and
haploid-specific genes in Saccharomyces
Three proteins (a1, a1 and a2) are involved in
regulating the expression of these 3 classes of
genes.
21
Cutting by methylcytosine sensitive/insensitive
restriction nucleases can be used to estimate
the extent of cytosine methylation in a DNA
sequence
22
Imprinted genes in mammals
Table 2. Human imprinted genes and their mouse orthologuesa (tab002gml) Table 2. Human imprinted genes and their mouse orthologuesa (tab002gml) Table 2. Human imprinted genes and their mouse orthologuesa (tab002gml) Table 2. Human imprinted genes and their mouse orthologuesa (tab002gml)
Human gene Human chromosome Mouse gene Mouse chromosome
NOEY2, ARH1 1p31    
p73 1p36.33    
ZAC, PLAGL1 6q24 Zac1, Lot1 10
HYMA1 6q24.1-q24.3    
IGF2R, M6PRb 6q25.3 Igf2r 17
GRB10, MEG1 7p11.2-p12 Grb10, Meg1 11
MEST, PEG1 7q32 Peg1, Mest 6
COPG2b 7q32 Copg2 6
WT1b 11p13    
H19 11p15.5 H19 7
IGF2 11p15.5 Igf2 7
INS 11p15.5 Ins2, insulin II 7
ASCL2, HASH2 11p15.5    
LTRPC5, MTR1 11p15.5    
KCNQ1, KVLQT1 11p15.5 Kcnq1, Kvlqt1 7
CDKN1C, p57KIP2 11p15.5 Cdnk1c, p57, Kip2 7
TSSC5, SLC22A1L 11p15.5 Orct12, Impt1, Itm, Tssc5, Bwscr1a 7
IPL, TSSC3 11p15.5 Tssc3 7
ZNF215 11p15.5    
2G3-8 11p15.5    
SDHD 11q22.3-q23    
HTR2A 13q4 Htr2a 14
MEG3, GTL2 14q32 Meg3, Gtl2 12
DLK1, PEG9 14q32 Dlk1, pref1, Ly107, FA1, SCP1, Zog, Peg9 12
MKRN, ZNF127 15q11-q13    
NDN 15q11-q13 Ndn, nectin 7
MAGEL2, NDNL1 15q11-q13    
SNURF-SNRPN 15q11-q13 Snrpn 7
PAR-SN 15q11-q13    
HBII-13 15q11-q13    
HBII-85, PWCR1 15q11-q13    
HBII-52 15q11-q13    
PAR5 15q11-q13    
PAR1 15q11-q13    
IPW 15q11-q13 Ipw 7
UBE3A 15q11-q13 Ube3a 7
ATP10C 15q11-q13    
GABRB3 15q11-q13 Gabrb3 7
GABRA5 15q11-q13 Gabra5 7
GABRG3 15q11-q13 Gabrg3 7
PEG3 19q13.4 Peg3, Pw1 7
GNAS1 20q13.11 Gnas 2
XIST X Xist, Tsix X
a Adapted from http//www.otago.ac.nz/IGC b Imprinting status disputed. Antisense transcripts have not been included. a Adapted from http//www.otago.ac.nz/IGC b Imprinting status disputed. Antisense transcripts have not been included. a Adapted from http//www.otago.ac.nz/IGC b Imprinting status disputed. Antisense transcripts have not been included. a Adapted from http//www.otago.ac.nz/IGC b Imprinting status disputed. Antisense transcripts have not been included.
23
Some human diseases are due to loss of sites
involved in genomic imprinting
24
Alternative splicing of mRNA
25
Nonsense-mediated decay of mRNA
26
Alt.splicing combined with NMD can be used for
genetic control
27
RNAi (RNA interference) dsRNA directs
degradation of mRNA with the same/complementary
sequence
28
Translational control