Anatomy

1
Anatomy Physiology

• An Overview

2
What is Anatomy Physiology?

• Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape
  of the body and body parts and their
  relationships to one another.
• Physiology is the study of how the body and its
  parts work or function. (physio nature ology
  the study of)

3
Relationship between AP

• AP are always related.
• Each part (anatomy) has a job (physiology) to do
  to ensure the body operates as a whole.
• STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION

4
Levels of Structural Organization

• Turn to chart on page 3.
• Simplest chemical. Atoms combine to form
  molecules such as H2O, sugars, proteins, and
  fats. Essential to life.
• Cellular level. Molecules associate in specific
  ways to form cells, the smallest units of all
  living things.
• Tissue level. Consists of groups of similar cells
  that have a common function.

5
Levels of Structural Organization

• Organ level. Composed of two or more tissue types
  that performs a specific function for the body.
  It is at this level that extremely complex
  functions become possible.
• Organ System. A group of organs that cooperate to
  accomplish a critical purpose. Name some
  examples
• Organismal level. Represents the highest level of
  structural organization. 11 organ systems make up
  the living body.

6
Organ System Overview

• Integumentary (In-tegu-mentar-e, see ix)- the
  external covering of the body.
• Functions include waterproofing the body,
  cushioning, and protection of deeper tissues from
  injury.
• Excretes salt and urea and helps regulate body
  temperature.
• Contains temperature, pressure, and pain
  receptors.

7
Skeletal System

• Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and
  joints.
• Supports and protects the body
• Framework skeletal muscles use to cause movement.
• Hematopoiesis, or formation of blood cells, takes
  place within cavities of the skeleton.
• Acts as storehouse for minerals

8
Muscular System

• One function, to contract or shorten.
• Causes movement
• The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the
  activity of skeletal muscles.
• Allows you to walk, run, leap, grasp, throw a
  ball, or smile, to name a few.
• Distinct from the muscles of the heart and other
  hollow organs.

9
Nervous System

• The bodys control system. FAST ACTING!!!
• Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
  sensory receptors.
• Responds to external and internal stimuli
• Sensory receptors detect changes and send signals
  (nerve impulses) to the CNS (brain and spinal
  cord).
• CNS analyzes the signals and responds by
  activating the appropriate muscles or glands.
• REMEMBER, organ systems work together!!!!

10
Endocrine System

• Controls body activities

• Acts much more slowly than

CNS.

• Glands produce

hormones.

• Include pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids,
  adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and
  testes

• Body functions controlled by hormones involve
  EVERY cell in the body

11
Cardiovascular System

• Primary organs are heart and blood vessels

• The transport fluid is

blood

• Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, etc. to and
  from the tissue cells.

• White blood cells and chemicals in the blood help
  protect the body from foreign invaders.

12
Lymphatic System

• Complementary role to that of cardiovascular
  system

• Include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other
  lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils

• Lymphatic vessels return fluid leaked from blood
  to blood vessels

• Lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs, help
  cleanse the blood and house the cells involved in
  immunity.

13
Respiratory System

• Consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx,
  trachea, bronchi, and lungs

• Two primary jobs are to keep the body constantly
  supplied with O2 and to remove CO2

• The lungs contain tiny air sacs (alveoli) in
  which gas exchange takes place

14
Digestive System

• Include oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small
  and large intestines, and rectum

• Role is to break down food and deliver the
  products to the blood for dispersal

• Undigested food leaves the body through the anus
  as feces

• Breakdown begins in the mouth and ends in the
  small intestine

• After digestion, functions to reclaim water

• What are two other organs considered to be part
  of digestive system?

Liver
Pancreas
15
Urinary System

• AKA Excretory System

• Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

• Main job is to remove nitrogen-containing wastes
  (urea and uric acid) from the body

• Nitrogen-containing waste results from breakdown
  of protein and nucleic acids by body cells

• Removes wastes from the blood and flushes them
  from the body in urine

• Other functions include maintaining water and
  salt balance and regulating the acid-base balance
  of the blood

16
Reproductive System

• Exists primarily to produce offspring

• Male structures include scrotum, penis, testes,
  accessory glands, and the duct system

• Sperm is produced by the testes

• The ovary produces the eggs, or ova

• The female duct system includes the uterine
  tubes, uterus, and vagina

• The uterus is the site for development of the
  fetus

17
Maintaining Life

• Boundary maintenance (distinct inside and
  outside)
• Movement- muscular and skeletal systems. Also
  includes blood, foodstuffs, and urine.
• Responsiveness (irritability)- sense stimuli and
  react. Responsibility of nervous system.
• Digestion- breaking down ingested food into
  simpler molecules for use by all body cells.

18
Maintaining Life

• Metabolism-

refers to all chemical reactions that take place
in the body.

• Excretion-

is the process of removing excreta, or wastes,
from the body.

• Reproduction-

production of offspring. Can be at cellular or
organismal level.

• Growth-

increase in size, usually by an increase in the
number of cells.
19
Survival Needs

• Nutrients- obtained through diet.
• Oxygen- nutrients are useless unless O2 is
  available for chemical reactions to take place.
  20 of air we breathe.
• Water- 60-80 of body weight. How is it
  obtained?

Ingested foods or liquids.

• Body temperature- 37C or 98F

• Atmospheric pressure- Breathing and O2 and CO2
  exchange.

20
Homeostasis

• Defined as the bodys ability to maintain
  relatively stable internal conditions in spite of
  a continuously changing external environment.
• Literal translation means unchanging.
• The internal conditions of the body constantly
  vary but within relatively narrow limits.
• The body is in equilibrium when its needs are
  being met and is functioning smoothly.

21
(No Transcript)
22
Anatomical Position

• The initial reference point for the study of
  Anatomy

• Stand up and assume the position!

23
Orientation and Directional Terms
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
Regional Terms (Anterior)

• abdominal anterior body trunk inferior to the
  ribs
• acromial point of shoulder
• antecubial anterior surface of elbow
• axillary armpit
• brachial arm
• buccal cheek area
• carpal wrist
• cervical neck region
• coxal hip
• crural leg

27
Regional Terms (Anterior)

• digital fingers, toes
• femoral thigh
• fibular lateral part of leg
• inguinal area where thigh meets trunk groin
• nasal nose area
• oral mouth
• orbital eye area
• patellar anterior knee
• pelvic area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
• pubic genital region

28
Regional Terms (Anterior)

• sternal breastbone area
• tarsal ankle region
• thoracic chest
• umbilical navel

29
Regional Terms (Posterior)

• cephalic head
• deltoid curve of shoulder formed by deltoid
  muscle
• gluteal buttock
• lumbar area of back between ribs and hips
• occipital posterior surface of head
• popliteal posterior knee area
• sacral area between hips
• scapular shoulder blade region
• sural posterior surface of lower leg calf
• vertebral area of spine

30
(No Transcript)
31
Test Each Other

• Pair up and take turns testing each other on the
  regional terms of the body.

32
Body Planes and Sections
33
Body Cavities
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)