Institutional Considerations in ICM

1
Institutional Considerations in ICM

• Chapter 6
• Daniel Suman
• MAF 518

2
Horizontal Integration

• What are the laws, external constituencies,
  philosophies, goals and objectives, jurisdiction,
  and economic interests of the various sectors of
  coastal users and non-users?
• What institutions regulate these economic
  interests?
• What institutional arrangements can best
  facilitate increased institutional coordination?

3
Vertical Integration

• What are the different perspectives of national
  and local governments?
• What mechanisms can draw on the expertise of the
  various levels of governments?

4
National Government Perspectives

• Linked to international funding sources and
  expertise
• Concerned with national security and
  international relations
• Negotiates international agreements
• Concerned with national economic development
• Possesses authority over inter-state commerce
• Possesses technical expertise
• May be a funding source itself
• Has capability to harmonize institutional sectors

5
Local Government Perspectives

• People-oriented
• Maintains local infrastructure (roads, sewers,
  schools)
• Concerned with local quality of life (including
  the environment)
• Concerned with employment opportunities
• Has local legitimacy
• Possesses local knowledge and information

6
Local Government Perspectives

• Encourages new development projects that may
  contribute to the tax base
• Opposes unfunded mandates
• Opposes reduction of authority
• Opposes loss of discretion

7
Continuum of Policy Integration from a lesser
to a greater degree of integration

• FRAGMENTATION presence of independent units
  with minimal communication between them
• COMMUNICATION existence of a forum or mechanism
  for communication between the independent units

8
Continuum of Policy Integration from a lesser
to a greater degree of integration

• COORDINATION independent units adopt some steps
  toward joint organization of their actions
• HARMONIZATION independent units take steps
  toward synchronization of their actions guided by
  explicit policy objectives, generally established
  at a higher level of authority

9
Continuum of Policy Integration from a lesser
to a greater degree of integration

• INTEGRATION formal mechanism for the
  coordination of efforts of units that cede part
  of their institutional authority. This might
  imply an institutional reorganization or
  consolidation.

10
Incentives for Encouraging Inter-Agency
Cooperation

• Financial incentives
• Perception of a shared problem
• Shared professional values
• Perception of a political advantage
• Fora for cooperation

11
Incentives for Encouraging Inter-Agency
Cooperation

• Reduce uncertainly
• Existence of other institutional mechanisms for
  cooperation
• Joint appointments
• Legislative mandates
• Demands from resource users
• International donors demand this

12
Possible Institutional Arrangements

• Creation of an Inter-ministerial or Inter-agency
  coastal coordination commission (council or
  working group)
• Assignment to an existing planning or
  coordination office
• Existing office/agency with an Advisory Council
• Expanded role for an existing agency, i.e.
  fisheries or marine resources

13
Possible Institutional Arrangements

• Expanded agency with an Advisory Council
• Creation of a new agency below the ministerial
  level, possibly with an Advisory Council
• Designation of an existing Ministry to serve as
  the Lead Ministry for ICM
• Creation of a new Ministry as the Lead Ministry

14
Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Approaches

• TOP-DOWN - Initiative begins at the highest level
  of government and spreads down to users.
• BOTTOM-UP Initiative begins at the user level
  and stimulates the involvement of officials.
• A successful ICM Program merges both Top-Down and
  Bottom-Up approaches.