Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution

1
Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific
Revolution
2

• What was the Renaissance and when did it occur?
• Rebirth A revival of art and learning
• 1300 -1600

3

• How was life during the Renaissance different
  than life during the Middle Ages?
• People wanted to celebrate life and the human
  spirit
• They began to question institutions of the Middle
  Ages
• They began to question the church

4

• Why did the renaissance begin in Italy ?
• Thriving cities- large pop, exchange of ideas-
  city states
• Wealthy merchant class- patrons- social rank is
  earned not inherited-Medicis- had money to spend
  on the arts
• Humanism- Return to classical heritage of Greece
  and Rome - Secularism

5

• Why were northern Italian cities ideal for the
  renaissance? What affect did the bubonic plague
  have on the economy?
• There was a revival in trade during the Middle
  Ages, and Italy was the trading center between
  Europe and the East. The Crusades brought people
  from all over and they shared ideas. This led to
  merchants and bankers buying libraries and works
  of art this encouraged art, literature, and
  learning. Italians were surrounded by remnants of
  ancient Roman culture. Greeks scholars had moved
  to Northern Italy fleeing from the Ottoman Turks

6
How did merchants and the Medici family
contribute to the rise of Florence?

• Merchants competed with one another through
  business (trade and banking) and also by becoming
  patrons (people who support the arts). Which led
  to the flourishing of art work

7
Who is Machiavelli? How did he believe a ruler
should govern his country?

• Writer, The Prince wrote about the imperfect
  nature of people- a guide for rulers
• A prince might have to trick his enemies and even
  his own people for the good of the state. He was
  not concerned with what was morally right but
  with what was politically effective. In
  politics, the end justifies the means. Even
  immoral acts were justified if they served the
  interests of the state. Be kind and generous if
  able, but it is better to be feared than loved

8
What were the new values of the Renaissance? How
did the values of the Renaissance express
themselves in the art, architecture, or
life-styles of the period?

• Individualism People thought it was right to be
  themselves - the great man can shape his own
  destiny
• It became important to recognize the individuals
  behind the work.
• Fame was the final reward for superior talent
• 2 new art forms surface portrait painting and
  the autobiography
• Both show how people thought of themselves as
  important enough to be remembered by others even
  after their death.
• St. Peters Basilica was designed by Michelangelo
  
• 2. Love of Classical Learning
• Scholars denounced the styles of Medieval times
  of trying to make classical texts agree with
  Christian teaching.
• Humanists studied the classical texts of Greek
  and Roman writers
• They influenced artists and architects to carry
  on classical traditions
• They felt that every educated, civilized person
  should learn the humanities
• 3. Worldly Pleasures
• A new enjoyment of food, material goods, wine,
  and architecture began.
• Clothing styles began to reflect a more decorated
  tone.
• These new thoughts suggested that one might live
  a better life without offending God.
• Fine music, tasty foods, and lavish clothing

9
What were the Renaissance man and Renaissance
woman like?

• Ideal Men
• This idea is what we commonly call the
  Renaissance Man today. Meaning a person who
  strove to master almost every area of study.
• Well educated in Latin and Greek
• Charming, polite, and witty
• Should be able to dance, sing, write poetry, and
  play music
• Should be physically strong, a skilled rider,
  wrestler, and swordsmen
• Ideal Women
• Upper-class women were well educated.
• They were to know the classics, to write well, to
  paint, to make music, to dance, and to be
  charming.
• They were not supposed to seek fame though.
• They are to inspire art and not create it
• Renaissance women had less political, economic,
  and social influence than medieval women.

10
Why were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
considered renaissance men? Be sure to include
some of their achievements in science and the
arts.

• Both were creative geniuses who excelled as
  painters, sculptors, and designers
• Michelangelo was a painter and sculptor.
• Three major works of Michelangelo .
• Pieta moving depiction of Mary grieving over
  body of crucified son
• David statue of the Biblical king which
  radiates strength and dignity
• Sistine Chapel many scenes including God
  reaching out to infuse the spirit into Adam

11
Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor,
inventor, etc. Leonardo da Vinci is a
"Renaissance Man," but he was/is less well-known
than Michelangelo. Achievements of Leonardo are

• Mona Lisa
• The Last Supper
• Leonardo always used this method of scientific
  inquiry close observation, repeated testing of
  the observation, precise illustration of the
  subject object or phenomenon with brief
  explanatory notes. The result was volumes of
  remarkable notes on an amazing variety of topics,
  from the nature of the sun, moon and stars to the
  formation of fossils and, perhaps most notably,
  the mysteries of flight.
• He studied anatomy, zoology, botany, geology,
  optics, aerodynamics and hydrodynamics among
  others
• He designed numerous weapons, including missiles,
  multi-barreled machine guns, grenades, mortars,
  and even a modern-style tank

12

• Define humanism.
• Intellectual movement that focused on human
  (individual) potential and achievements. Instead
  of trying to make classical texts agree with
  Christian teaching as medieval scholars had,
  humanists studied them to understand ancient
  Greek values

13

• Petrarch
• Father of the Renaissance
• Wrote several poems about his love for Laura
• He wrote in Italian and Latin. He imitated the
  graceful style of his favorite classical author,
  Cicero, the ancient roman senator.
• Dante
• poet
• The Divine comedy. This long poem has three
  parts. In the first part, Dante imagines that
  the ancient Roman poet Virgil is guiding him on a
  tour of the inferno (hell). In the second part,
  Dante and Virgil visit a zone called purgatory
  which lies between hell and heaven. Finally, in
  the third part, Dante is guided through paradise
  by the famous medieval monk, St Bernard.
  Eventually, he meets Beatrice there.
• Erasmus
• Wrote Praise and Folly
• Believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one
  of ceremonies or rules. He thought that in order
  to improve society, all people should study the
  bible.
• He criticizes the church, taught rituals instead
  of teachings of Christ, thought the clergy was
  ignorant.

14
What was the legacy of the Renaissance?
15
The Renaissance Spreads

• European Atmosphere
• -recovering from Black Death
• -Hundred Years War over (E F)
• -cities growing rapidly
• -monarchs often sponsored the arts-
• Royal Courts begin to become patrons
• often invite artists to visit or retire
• buying works of art for decoration and prestige
• Fontainebleau- Renaissance castle rebuilt for
  Francis I
• center of French Renaissance

16
Northern Renaissance

• trade routes visiting scholars carried ideas
  back to Europe
• Italian ideas mixed with northern traditions
• religious ideas over secular ideas
• wanted social reform based on Christian values

17
Artistic Ideas Spread

• 1494- invasion through northern Italy
• many artists and writers fled to N. Europe for a
  safer life
• brought styles, techniques, ideas with them

18
Northern Renaissance Artists

• German- Albrecht Durer - woodcuts, engravings,
  painter
• - Hans Holbein- photographic
  paintings- very
• 
  realistic
• Flanders- Jan van Eyck- oil based painting,
  subtle colors,
• realism
• - Brueghel- Peasant Wedding
  realistic images of
• everyday life
• - vivid details,
  rich color, use of space
• Spanish- Cervantes- novelist dramatist Don
  Quixote
• Dutch- Erasmus (CH)- humorist, theologian In
  Praise of Folly
• French- Rabelais- humorist satirist Gargantua
  
• Pantagruel
• Do as you Wish
• English- Chaucer- poet Canterbury Tales
• - Shakespeare- poet dramatist
• - Thomas More (CH)- Utopia

19
Who was Johann Gutenberg?

• German man who invented the printing press
  between 1440 and 1450

20
What was the impact of the printing press?

• Impact
• books were produced quickly and cheaply
• it made books cheap enough so many Europeans
  could afford them
• The Bible was the first book to be printed with
  movable type (printing press)

21

• The printing press was extremely influential
  during the Reformation for many reasons
• Many writers criticized the corruption of popes.
  Because of the printing press many people had
  access to these writings.
• Printed books on religion encouraged popular
  piety.
• The printing press made the Bible available to
  all who could read. People no longer had to rely
  of priests to interpret the teachings of Jesus.
• New ideas spread more quickly than ever before.
  Although many people had written similar ideas
  about religion before the Reformation, the
  printing press caused a revolution because so
  many people could read them.

22

• What was the Protestant Reformation?
• A movement for religious reform that led to the
  founding of Christian churches that did not
  accept the popes authority

23
Describe the causes of the Protestant
Reformation.
24
Who is Martin Luther? What actions by Tetzel
outraged Luther?

• A German teacher and monk.
• Tetzel was selling indulgences and giving people
  the impression that they could buy their way into
  heaven
• indulgence a pardon releasing a sinner from
  performing the penalty that a priest imposed for
  sins. It does not affect Gods right to judge.

25

• What were the 95 Theses? When did he post them?
  How did Luthers actions lead to the reformation?
• Formal statements he wrote attacking the pardon
  merchants
• 1517
• Someone copied his words and took them to a
  printer. His work spread over Germany and people
  agreed with him and started calling for reforms
  in the church

26
Describe the teachings of Luther? What name did
the followers of Luther adopt?

• Lutherans
• Protestants- People that protested the Catholic
  church and accepted the ideas of the Reformation

27

• Who was John Calvin? Describe his teachings.
• Religious leader who organized protestant
  theology, or religious beliefs in his book
  Institutes of the Christian Religion
• He believed or taught predestination (the belief
  that God has known since the beginning of time
  who will be saved.)
• the elect are those who God has chosen to save
• Men and women are sinful in nature
• He also strongly believed that the ideal
  government should be a theocracy

28

• What name did the followers of Calvin come to be
  known by?
• Calvinists
• began a society based on his Calvinist beliefs
• -the city was supposed to be the best place and
  best way to live
• -this utopia was in Geneva, Switzerland

29

• John Knox
• -went to Geneva to view John Calvins theocracy
• -he went back to Scotland and started Calvins
  ideas
• -Knox began the Presbyterian branch of
  Protestantism

30

• Huguenots
• Huguenots were French Protestants
• they were followers of Calvin

31

• What was the impact of the Protestant
  Reformation? ( pg 491 500)
• It set the stage for the modern would and also
  ended the Christian unity of Europe leaving it
  culturally divided
• Protestantism as a branch of Christianity is
  formed
• Protestant churches flourish and new
  denominations developed
• Roman catholic church became more unified
• Council of Trent- (popes interpretation of the
  bible was the only one. All others are considered
  heretics. Salavtion through works and faith.
  Bible and church tradition shared equal authority
  for guiding Christianity. Indulgences and
  pilgrimages were valid
• Catholics and protestants stressed education in
  promoting their beliefs
• Founding of colleges, parish schools, and
  universities
• Roman catholic church loses moral and political
  authority
• Kings begin gaining more power
• Nation states form
• Peasants revolt
• Demands for an end to serfdom
• It laid the ground work for the Enlightenment

32

• What was the Counter Reformation?
• Movement inside the catholic church to reform
  itself
• 2 main goals 1) Strengthen and purify the
  Catholic church 2) Fight Protestantism

33

• Who is Ignatius of Loyala and what group did his
  establish?
• soldier in the Spanish army, wounded, became
  devoted to church
• wrote a book called Spiritual Exercises that laid
  out a day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer, and
  study
• Jesuits/ Society of Jesus

34

• What were the three major activities of the
  Jesuits?
• Found superb schools
• Convert non-Christians
• Prevent Protestantism from spreading

35

• Why were the effects of the work of Jesuit
  missionaries so long lasting?
• Literacy went up drastically

36

• What role did Popes Paul III and Paul IV play in
  reforming the Catholic Church?
• They took actions to reform and renew the church
  from within
• Pope Paul III directed a council of cardinals to
  investigate indulgence selling and other abuses
  in the Church. Second, he approved the Jesuit
  order. Third, he used the Inquisition to seek out
  heresy in papal territory. Fourth he called a
  council of church leaders to meet in Trent
  (Council of Trent)
• Pope Paul IV carried out the councils decrees
  and had officials draw up a list of books
  considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. This
  list is known as the Index of Forbidden Books.
  Books on the list were to be destroyed.

37
What doctrines were established at the Council of
Trent?
38

• Why did Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church
  and start the Anglican Church?
• He wanted a divorce and the Catholic Church would
  not allow divorce at that time.

Catherine of Anne Jane
Anne of Catherine Catherine
Aragon Boleyn Seymour
Cleves Howard Parr
(old age) (executed) (child
birth) (old age) (executed)
(old age)
39

• How did Henry establish the new church?
• Henry asks the Reformation Parliament to strip
  the power of Pope in England and legalize his
  divorce from Catherine. They did.
• 1534 Act of Supremacy declared King to be the
  supreme head of the Church of England king
  and parliament become more powerful
• The Church in England is also called the Anglican
  Church and in the United States, the Episcopal
  Church

40

• What were the Consequences of Henrys changes?
• Religious turmoil in England
• Several marriages after his first wife

41

• Who was Elizabeth I?
• Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 after the
  death of her half-sister Mary Tudor. Elizabeth
  was the third child of Henry VIII to rule England
• Virgin Queen
• Elizabeth inherited the religious problems from
  her father Henry VIII. When Elizabeth came to
  the throne, she wanted to establish a state
  church that moderate Catholics and moderate
  Protestants might both accept. She became known
  for her religious compromise policy.

42

• How did she please moderate Protestants and
  moderate Catholics with the establishment of the
  Anglican Church in England?
• In 1559 parliament following her wishes set up
  the Church of England with Elizabeth as its head.
  The church was to be the only legal church in
  England
• To appease Protestants, priests could marry and
  preach in English, and for the Catholics priests
  kept some of the trappings of formal priesthood.

43
The Scientific Revolution

• Modern Medicine
• Medieval scholars believed the Earth was the
  center of the universe (Geocentric Theory).
• Mid 1500s, scholars begin to publish works that
  challenged ancient ideas with new theories
  Scientific Revolution
• Based on observation questioning accepted
  beliefs.
• Spurred by European exploration the
  Renaissance.

44

• The universe is re-organized
• Heliocentric Theory
• Credited to Nicolaus Copernicus (POL).
• Stars, the Earth, and other planets revolve
  around the Sun.
• Widely rejected initially because it contradicted
  the Catholic Church.
• Johannes Kepler improves the theory by showing
  that planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical
  orbits.- Uses math to prove Copernicus was
  correct
• Galileo Galilei
• Used the telescope to observe the stars and
  expanded Copernicus ideas about the universe.
• His ideas challenged Church beliefs Church went
  after him and forced him to recantwhy???
• After being tortured he will admit that he was
  wrong but his work was already published

45

• The Scientific Method
• Advanced by Francis Bacon and René Descartes.
• Observation, hypothesis, experimentation,
  analysis, conclusion.
• Bacon English writer urged people to
  experiment and then draw conclusions.
• Descartes French mathematician relied on
  Mathematics and logic to solve his theories.

46

• Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
• Isaac Newton English scientist who theorized
  that all physical objects were affected equally
  by the same forces.
• Law of Universal gravitation Every object in
  the universe attracts every other object the
  degree of attraction depends on mass distance.

47

• The Scientific Revolution Spreads
• Microscope Zacharias Janssen
• Barometer (atmospheric pressure) - Evangelista
  Torricelli
• Thermometer Gabriel Fahrenheit (water freezes
  at 32?)
• Thermometer Anders Celsius (water freezes at
  0?)
• Medicine
• Andreas Vesalius dissected human corpses and
  published observations.
• Edward Jenner Smallpox vaccine
• Chemistry
• Robert Boyle founder of modern chemistry
• Boyles Law explains how the volume, pressure,
  and temperature of gas affect each other