Cellular Transport And The Cell Cycle Chapter 8

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Cellular Transport And The Cell CycleChapter 8
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Cellular Transport

• Cellular transport the highwayof the cell. How
  substances move from one place to another
  throughout cells.
• Osmosis net movement of a solvent (H2O) through
  a selectively permeable membrane.
• Selectively permeable membrane a cell membrane
  that has control over what can enter and exit the
  cell.

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Isotonic Solution

• Concentration level of the substance outside
  concentration level of substances within the cell
• Allows Red Blood Cells to maintain shape.
• water in or out of cell at the same rate.

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Hypertonic solution

• Concentration of the substance outside the cell
  is higher than the concentration inside the cell.
  
• Cell shrivels
• Water moves out of a cell

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Hypotonic solution

• Concentration level of substance outside the cell
  
• lt concentration level of substances within the
  cell.
• Cells burst if hypotonic
• Water moves
• into a cell

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Cell Transport

• Passive transport solvent moves from high to low
  across concentration gradient under its own
  power, passive transport is a form of diffusion.
  NO ENERGY USED
• Forms of passive transport include facilitated
  diffusion, diffusion, osmosis.
• Water, lipids (fats) and lipid soluble substances
  are some compounds that can be diffused through
  the plasma membrane by diffusion.

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Cell Transport

• Facilitated diffusion Cell exerts no energy
• Proteins help to move substances through
  plasma membrane. ( figure 8-5)
• The most common solvents moved by F.D. are
  sugars and amino acids. F.D. uses the
  concentration gradient.
• Proteins provide needed paths and openings to
  allow particles to pass through.

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Cell transport

• Active transport- The cell exerts all the energy
  to produce the transport. And move it across its
  concentration gradient
• In order for active transport to occur a special
  transport protein called a carrier protein must
  attach to a particle from the substance. (figure
  8-6)
• Active transport allows movement into and out of
  the cell, against the concentration gradient.

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Cell transport

• Endocytosis engulfs materials and than moves
  them into cell for processing. Material doesnt
  pass directly through membrane.
• Exocytosis removes waste by merging with cells
  and kicking waste out to extra cellular fluid.
  (Figure 8.7)8.78-7)

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Cell Growth and Reproduction.

• Cell size is influenced by
• 1. Diffusion affects cell size because as the
  cell is larger it takes longer for the process to
  be finished.
• 2. DNA affects cell size because some cells have
  an increased amount of cytoplasm
• 3. SA-VR affects the cell size because a cells
  volume increases faster than the surface area.

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Cell Reproduction

• Cell reproduction occurs from a pre-existing
  cell.The Process that this occurs is cell
  division.
• Cell division results in two cells that are
  identical to the original cell. The most
  prevalent cells to regenerate are skin cells. All
  worn tissue gets replaced with new cells or
  repaired. ( pg.209)

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Cell Growth and Reproduction

• The cell cycle is the sequence of growth and
  division of a cell. The cell goes through two
  general phases, growth and division.
• Interphase longest phase ,a cell grows in size
  and carries out metabolism, also this is when
  chromosomes (DNA material) are duplicated.
• Mitosis is the phase following interphase. During
  mitosis two daughter cells are formed, each
  having all of its chromosomes, these two phases
  are the main phases of the cell cycle.

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Why do cells divide by Mitosis?

• Growth Repair
• Reproduction of single celled organisms
• constant environment

Amobea Reproducing
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Cells dividing by Mitosis.
Skin

• Identical to original cell
• Same chromosome
• Identical chromosome makeup

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Cell Cycle
G or Growth 1 phase
S or DNA Synthesis
24 hours
M or Mitosis phase
/ / /
Growth 2
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Where is DNA located?

• 1. Nucleus
• 2. Chromosomes

DNA
I
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Duplicated Chromosome(Late Interphase)
X
Sister Chromatids
Centromere
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Spindle spindle fibers Pull apart the sister
chromatids
Spindle fibers
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Interphase

• Intermission
• Normal metabolic activities
• Major state
• DNA
• chromatin

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Late Interphase

• Prepares for mitosis
• DNA doubles
• Sister chromatids
• Centrioles double in animals

X
X
X
X
X
X
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Stages of Mitotic Cell Division

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

• 1st
• middle
• apart
• far or separate

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Prophase

• Nuclear membrane disappears
• Doubled DNA condensed
• chromosomes
• Spindle fibers

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Metaphase

• Chrom-osomes line up mid- cell
• Facing inward

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Anaphase

• Chromosomes move to opposite poles at
• Centrioles in
• animals
• Spindle apparatus in plants

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Telophase

• Cells divide
• Chromosomes unwind
• Cell plate or membranes form
• Nucleus reappears

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Animal Telophase
Interphase
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Returns to Interphase

• Intermission
• Normal metabolic activities
• Major state
• DNAchromatin

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Plant versus Animal Mitosis

• Animal
• No cell wall
• membrane cytokinesis
• Centrioles

• Plant
• Cell wall form
• cell plate in telophase
• Spindles

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Cell Growth and Reproduction

• Cytokinesis- process in which cytoplasm divides.
• I- Interphase
• P- Prophase
• M- Mitosis
• A- Anaphase
• T- Telephase
• a good way to remember the phases of cell cycle
  is CIPMAT.ICIPPMAT.

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Control of Cell Cycle

• Enzymes control the cell cycle. Certain enzymes
  are important to begin and keep the cell cycle
  going, while certain enzymes only control certain
  phases.
• Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell
  division. During uncontrolled cell division
  certain enzymes are not present or were not
  produced or environmental changes.
• Enzymes are directed by genes located on
  chromosomes.

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Cancerous cells...

• 1.Divide too many times
• 2.Divide into more than two cells!
• Masses of cells
• tumors
• benign
• malignant

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Mitosis Flip Book

• Make two index cards for each phase of mitosis
  ex. Early and late prophase, early and late
  metaphase etc.
• Color and Label each part of the cell
  Chromatin, sister chromatids, centromere,
  spindle, cell membrane
• Make one index card for interphase
• Describe each phase on the back of each index
  card