NORM: Measurement

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NORM Measurement Analysis (Standardisation
Quality Assurance) Gert Jonkers Engineering
Analytical - GSEA/4 Problem Solving (Shell EP
Ionising Radiation/NORM HSE Expert
CHP) location Shell Research Technology
Centre, Amsterdam P.O. 38000 NL-1030 BN
Amsterdam the Netherlands
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Product Waste Streams to be Analysed on NORs
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1 BqNOR/g corresponding to ... gNOR/g
ppt
ppb
ppm
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Nuclear Based Analytical Techniques
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g-Spectrometry (1) Sample Containers
Petri-dishes fix geometry Sealing dishes prevents
escape of 222Rn Data acquisition time 60,000
s Calibration for NORM (IAEA certified ores)
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g-Spectrometry (2) Setup
n-type high purity Germanium detectors for low
energy range
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g-Spectrometry (3) Setup
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g-Spectrometry (4) Spectrometry
g-yield data base used for analysis
standardised 226Ra 186 keV line directly used (no
235U present) Correct intensity low energy (Eg lt
100 keV, 210Pb) lines for self-absorption NORs
analysed 226Raeq, 210Pbeq, 228Raeq 228Theq,
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a-Spectrometry (1) Spectrometry

• 210Po determination in all kind of materials
• Digest the sample in a mixture of concentrated
  acids
• add a polonium (208Po) isotopic spike
• Plate out polonium on a clean Ag-plate
• Place plate below surface barrier detector in a
  vacuum chamber
• Analyse the a-spectrum, where the internal
  reference is used for efficiency of plate out

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a-Spectrometry (2) Setup
Method is laborious Questionable, a separate
210Po is required from an HSE point of view.
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a-scintillation counting (1) Setup
(disassembled)
Lucas cell method
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g-Spectrometry (2) Setup Assembled
Counting 222Rn concentration
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EP NORM REQUIRED ANALYSES DATA(HSE point of
view)