IPv6 Core technology for the future Internet

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IPv6Core technology for the future Internet

• Timo Knuutila
• Nokia Research Center
• timo.knuutila_at_nokia.com

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Presentation outline

• What future Internet ?
• Short history of the Internet
• IPv6 essentials
• Next generation mobile networks (2G/3G/etc)
• Current IPv6 technology status
• Summary

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Internet Outlook
Projected cellular subscribers (Nokia 1999)
More handsets than PCs connected to the Internet
by the end of 2003 !
Projected Web handsets (Nokia 1999)
Projected PCs connected to the Internet (Dataquest
10/98)
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Mobile Internet will be always-on
Usage
Sessions / Month / cellular sub (leading markets)
Fixed Web
Mobile Web (WAP)
1999
2000
2002
2001
WAP
GPRS
IPv6
Optimizing radio capacity usage
Scaling up address space
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Why IPv6 Cost of patching IPv4 is too high

• It is possible to implement new services using
  IPv4
• But, it is becoming more and more expensive to
  patch IPv4
• IPv6 can bend the cost curve
• Mobile players will face the cost challenge
  sooner because of
• more terminals, mobility, push, location

Current fixed IP focus 100M PCs dial-in /
power on-off wireline client-server
retrieval services
IPv4
IPv6
Operator cost (CAPEXOPEX)
Cellular focus 1000M handsets always-on
mobility peer-to-peer push location
of subs
100M
1000M
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IPv6 - Shortcut to Global IP Mobility

Disruptive IPv6 leverage
Gradual IPv4 evolution
1999
2000
2001
2002
QoS support through Diff. Serv. and/or MPLS.
Mobile devices with need to be "always-connected"
to the Internet, dynamic DNSs
New directory servers and VoIP gateways
interworking with telco ntw
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Presentation outline

• What future Internet ?
• Short history of the Internet
• IPv6 essentials
• Next generation mobile networks (2G/3G)
• Current IPv6 technology status
• Summary

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A view of Internet History

• 1970s
• Arpanet / Internet Technology Invented
• 1980s
• Research / Non-Commercial Internet Service
• 1990s
• The Web and the Internet Everywhere
• Bill Gates decided he Invented it!
• 2000s
• The Mobile and Wireless Internet

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The Internet model

• End-to-End Communication
• Intelligence in Hosts
• Simple / Fast forwarding in Routers
• All Services run over IP
• IP runs over Everything
• IPs Success based on
• Solid Architecture
• Technology Evolution

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Presentation outline

• What future Internet ?
• Short history of the Internet
• IPv6 essentials
• Next generation mobile networks (2G/3G)
• Current IPv6 technology status
• Summary

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Initial motivation behind IPv6

• IPv4 addressing inefficiencies
• Class B addresses are nearly exhausted.
• CIDR (classless inter-domain routing) provides a
  short-term solution
• Efficient corporate networking requires more
  class A addresses or complicated workouts (NATs,
  DDNS, DHCP)
• Routing tables are growing extremely fast.
• More hierarchical addressing levels are required.
• IPv6 provides a good platform for added-value
  features like security and mobility.
• Inefficient manual configuration management of
  IPv4
• IPv6 autoconfiguration.

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IPv4 address structure

• IPv4 addresses are 32 bit long
• The address contains two parts network host
  
• Class A contains 24 bits for host number
• Class B contains 16 bits for host number
• Class C contains 8 bits for host number
• Class C addresses have been allocated to small
  organizations (max. 256)
• Most organizations viewed Class C addresses as
  too small and received Class B addresse (wasting
  most of its address space)

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Non optimal IPv4 address allocation

• Theoretically 4,3 Billion Adresses, Currently
  60 Million in use
• Allocations
• US Government 168 Million
• Europe 80 Million
• IBM 33 Million
• UK Government 33 Million
• Stanford University 17 Million
• China 9 Million
• Lucent 6 Million
• Unlucky large users Use Net 10 and NATs

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IPv6 address

• IPv6 address is made of two parts prefix and
  suffix (I.e interface-ids)
• and hierachical structure (that depends on
  format prefix, FP)
• prefix
• suffix
• Link-local address (mandatory) is unique within a
  "link".

FP
TLA
NLA
SLA
interface ID
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Hierarchy solves routing table explosion

Provider, Exchange
TOP
TOP
Next level
Next level
Next level
Site
Link
Host
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IPv6 address types

• Link local, site local, globally routable

• Unicast (11)
• Anycast addresses (1 nearest node of a set of
  nodes) currently only used to address routers
• Multicast (1n)
• IPv4 compatible /96IPv4address
• IPv4 mapped /80FFIPv4address

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Header Format Main Differences to IPv4

• Streamlined Header Format
• Fixed format IPv6 Header and Extension Headers
• elimination of header checksum, flags, options,
  IHL, hop-by-hop segmentation procedure, ...

IPv6 header (40 bytes)
IPv4 header (20 bytes or more)
Vers
Type of service
Total length
HLen
Flags
Identification
Fragment offset
Time to live
Protocol
Header checksum
Source IP address
Destination IP address
IP options (if any)
Padding
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Extension Header

• Purpose only those nodes process the extension
  headers for which they are relevant
• Intermediate routers care only hop-by-hop options
  and routing header
• Six extension headers
• Hop-by-Hop
• Routing header
• Fragment header
• Authentication header
• Encrypted security payload
• Destination option headers
• implements mobility options

Routing Information
Nxt hdr 51
Header length
Authentication Data
Nxt hdr 6
Header length
TCP Header and data
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Address Autoconfiguration

• Stateless address autoconfiguration
• No central server needed to aid in address
  configuration
• Node forms its own suffix, checks if it is unique
• Node obtains prefix(es) from the nearest router
• Stateful address autoconfiguration
• Central server allocates full addresses to nodes
  on request
• DHCPv6 is the current protocol for stateful
  address autoconfiguration

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Neighbor Discovery Messages

• Router Solicitation
• request to all routers multicast address for
  router advertisement messages
• Router Advertisement
• are sent periodically to the all nodes multicast
  address or to the source of a router solicitation
  message
• contains prefix value/length, router address,
  lifetime, link/Internet parameters, stateful/
  stateless address autoconfiguration flag
• Neighbor Solicitation
• sent to solicited-nodes multicast address or to
  unicast address
• Neighbor Advertisement
• response to neighbor solicitation message or
  propagation of new information (e.g., link
  address modification) to all-nodes multicast
  address
• Redirects
• to indicate a better next hop for a specific
  destination

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Routing

• longest prefix match routing like IPv4 CIDR
• Inter Domain Routing Protocol (IDRP)
• Modification of unicast (OSPF, RIP, BGP) and
  multicast routing protocols (PIM, DVMRP, MOSPF)
  to handle larger addresses
• Routing headers to route packets through
  particular regions

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Design Advantages

• Hierarchical addressing allows route aggregation
• Smaller routing tables in the backbone,
  containing aggregated routes only
• Address autoconfiguration reduces administration
  overhead
• No need to have a dedicated address allocator
• Extensible headers allow introduction of new
  features without loss of performance
• IPv4 had only one mechanism for customization IP
  options
• IPv4 routers tend to treat IP options in the slow
  path

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Moving to IPv6

• Changes to Domain Name Service
• Changes to Applications
• Interoperability with IPv4
• with IPv4 correspondents (e.g., legacy IPv4
  servers)
• over IPv4 routers

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Changes to Domain Name Service

• New DNS records to support IPv6 have been defined
• A4 records fields have full IPv6 addresses
  (similar to A records for IPv4)
• A6 records fields map a name to a suffix and a
  partial name ("non-terminal literal")
• e.g., a node doing DNS lookup for "www.nokia.com"
  finds
• www.nokia.com -gt nokia-isp.nokia.com, p1s1
• nokia-isp.nokia.com -gt p2
• Therefore, IP address of www.nokia.com is
  p2p1s1
• A6 records make it easy to renumber IP network
• e.g., when changing from one ISP to another,
  change only the p2 DNS entry.

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Changes to Applications

• Non-network applications need no change
• Network applications need to
• use new DNS record types for IPv6 addresses
• use the new socket API
• Bump-in-the-stack approach for transition
• introduces an inter-operability module as a
  "bump" in the network stack, between the
  application/transport layers and the IP layer.
• allows IPv4 applications to work unchanged on
  IPv6 networks

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Interoperability with IPv4

• Interoperability with IPv4 correspondents
• Dual stack operation
• May need mechanisms for temporary IPv4 address
  acqusition scheme RSIP
• Protocol-and-address translators
• IP level NAT-PT
• Transport level SOCKS
• Application level Application level gateways
  (ALGs)
• Interoperability over IPv4 routing infrastructure
• IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling
• Various mechanisms automatic tunneling,
  configured tunneling, 6to4, and 6-over-4

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Transition to IPv6
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IPv6 Dominates
IPv6 Services
NAT
Users
Public/Private IPv6 network
Public v4 Internet
NAT
NAT
Users
V4 Services
IPv6 Services
NAT
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Summary Transition from IPv4 to IPv6

• A number of mechanisms exist applicability
  depends on the interworking scenario.
• Main mechanisms
• Dual stack,
• IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnelling automatic, configured,
  6over4, 6to4
• Bump in the stack legacy applications in a IPv6
  host
• Protocol translators NAT-PT
• RSIP (Realm Specific IP)
• application level gateways, Socks
• Updates on Upper Layers
• Upper layer checksums TCPv6, UDPv6,
• DNS "AAAA" and "A6" records
• DHCPv6
• IPv6 socket

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Presentation outline

• What future Internet ?
• Short history of the Internet
• IPv6 essentials
• Next generation mobile networks (2G/3G)
• Current IPv6 technology status
• Summary

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UMTS Rel. 99 Reference Architecture
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R99 Interfaces and ProtocolsUMTS User Plane
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Rel. 00 All-IP Reference Architecture
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Presentation outline

• What future Internet ?
• Short history of the Internet
• IPv6 essentials
• Next generation mobile networks (Mobile Internet)
• Current IPv6 technology status
• Summary

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Target scenario for mobile IPv6 development
Interactive (e.g. VoIP) session
Internet
Sub net
Sub net
Sub net
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Mobile IPv6 development

• Future Internet is largely wireless/mobile
• IPv6 needed for billions of wireless devices
• Mobile IPv6 meets mobility requirements better
  than mobile IPv4
• Current mobile IP (v4 or v6) specifications are
  not alone sufficient to construct a network that
  offers VoIP type of services (real time
  requirements, no packet loss) with mobile nodes
  changing their point of attachment frequently.
• Following extensions necessary
• regional registrations
• header compression
• buffer management
• authentication infrastructure AAA/HLR
  interactions

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Regional registrations

• Problem
• how to reduce latency due to signaling associated
  with mobile ip handovers
• Solution Localize signaling to Visited Domain
• Method Regional Registrations, registrations
  between the MN and the Visited Domain
  implies
• signalling between visited domain routers
• authentication between MN, visited network
  routers and home agent
• new IETF draft, draft for mobile IPv4 exists

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Presentation outline

• What future Internet ?
• Short history of the Internet
• IPv6 essentials
• Next generation mobile networks
• Current IPv6 technology status
• Summary

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IPv6 IETF standards status

• IPv6 IETF Standards
• IPv6 Protocol
• Addressing Architecture
• ICMP
• DNS
• Security
• Unicast Address Formats
• Transition Mechanisms
• Neighbor Discovery
• Address Auto-configuration
• IPv6 over Ethernet
• IPv6 over FDDI
• IPv6 over PPP
• IPv6 over Token Ring
• IPv6 over ARCNET
• IPv6 over Frame Relay
• Routing Protocols (RIPng, OSPFv3, ISIS, BGP4)

• Tunneling
• MIBs
• Jumbo Grams
• Header Compression
• Literal URL format
• Mobility Support
• IETF Completing Work
• Routing Protocols (PIM)
• More MIBs
• IPv6 over ltlinkgt
• Router Renumbering
• DHCP
• Service Location
• Multihoming
• Cellular Header Compression

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IPv6 implementations

• Host Systems
• BSDI
• Digital/Compaq
• Epiloque
• FreeBSD
• HP-UX
• IBM (AIX)
• INRIA (NetBSD, FreeBSD)
• Linux
• Mentat (Streams)
• Microsoft
• Novell
• NRL (4.4-lite BSD)
• Pacific Softworks
• Process Software (VMS)
• SCO
• Siemens Nixdorf

• Sun Microsystems
• UNH
• WIDE Consortium (KAME, NAIST, Hitachi, Sony,
  NTT)
• Routers
• 3Com
• Nortel
• Cisco Systems
• Digital
• Hitachi, Ltd.
• Merit
• Nokia
• NTH University
• Sumitomo Electric
• Telebit AS

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IPv6 applications

• Chat software
• IRC BitchX client - now supports IPv6
• RAT and SDR - Win vers of the UCL conf.
  ports
• DNS
• BIND 9
• totd - a DNS proxy to support IPv4/IPv6
  translation
• Firewalls
• ipfilter - supports IPv6 filtering
• IPFW - included within the FreeBSD 4.0
  release
• netfilter - IPv6 patches for Linux's packet
  filter
• FTP
• LFTP - supports IPv6 as is
• NcFTP (Windows) - available from MSR
• NcFTP (BSD) - from the KAME project site
• Games
• Quakeforge - a FreeBSD port by Viagenie.
• Java
• IPv6 Java for Windows - note this is not a
  Sun Javasoft product

• Mail
• Monitoring Tools
• News
• Socket software
• Tunnel/translator software
• WWW
• Apache (Linux) - from the Japanese Linux
  user group
• Apache (BSD) - from the KAME project site
• Fnord! - a Windows web server from MSR
• lynx v2.8.2 - port of LYNX by Tromso
• mini_hhtpd - a Web server with IPv6 support
• Mozilla - port of the broswer by KAME
• Squid - port of the web cache by KAME
• thhtpd - a Web server with IPv6 support
• w3m - a text-based browser that supports
  IPv6
• wwwoffle v2.5 - a proxy for viewing v6 only
  sites

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IPv6 offerings

• Two ISPs in Japan offering commercially IPv6
  connectivity
• A lot of (political) enthusiaism in Far-East and
  Europe
• References
• http//playground.sun.com/pub/ipng/html/ipng-main.
  html
• http//www.ipv6forum.com
• http//www.6ren.net
• http//www.6bone.net
• http//www.6tap.net
• http//www.ipv6.org
• http//www.3gpp.org
• http//www.3gpp2.org
• http//www.mwif.org

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Presentation outline

• What future Internet ?
• Short history of the Internet
• IPv6 essentials
• Next generation mobile networks (2G/3G)
• Current IPv6 technology status
• Summary

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Summary

• Mobile devices will play major role in the growth
  of Internet
• Internet Doubles Every Year
• Creates strain on Infrastructure
• Creates Tremendous Opportunity
• Exponential Growth Means
• Every three years 85 of installed base is new
• IPv6 starts to be mature enough to be deployed
  commercially
• IPv6 will be the enabling technology for the
  mobile Internet

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Thank You !