By: Michael Stubbart

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Project 22!!!

• By Michael Stubbart
• John Boyd
• Hilary Dalton
• Justin McAleer

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Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds

• The sepals of a flower are the leaf-like things
  that cover the flower bud for protection
• The petals are considered leaves, which are used
  to attract insects for pollination
• The stamens are the male reproductive parts of
  the flower, which insects take the pollen from to
  the pistil
• The pistil is the female reproductive part of the
  flower where the eggs are
• The ovules are the plant eggs
• The stigma is the part on the top of the pistil
  which catches the pollen

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Picture Diagram
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Complete and Incomplete Flowers
A complete flower is a self-fruitful flower,
which means they can pollinate themselves A
incomplete flower is a flower with either the
male or female reproductive parts, but not both
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Pictures of Complete and Incomplete Flowers
Incomplete
Complete
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Leaf Cells
-epidermis This is a single layer of cells that
makes up the skin of the leaf. -guard cells
These open and close the stoma for transpiration.
They are crescent shaped and have thick inner
walls. They become turgid, and water pressure
opens the stoma -chloroplasts- these manufacture
food through photosynthesis.
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Guard Cells
Chloroplast
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Transpiration

• The guard cells make openings, which are called
  stoma.
• The stoma allow the leaf to give off moisture and
  exchange gases with the air.
• The evaporation of water cools the plant
• This process also provides force to bring water
  up through the stems.

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Photosynthesis

• This is the basic thing that provides food for an
  entire ecosystem. Directly or indirectly, all
  animals get food from plants.
• Plants take water and carbon dioxide and react
  them using light energy to make oxygen and
  glucose (a sugar).

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Photosynthesis continued

• The plant breathes in oxygen, but photosynthesis
  makes more oxygen than it breathes in
• Oxidation is a necessary part of nature for
  rusting burning and rotting
• This would be impossible without the oxygen
  plants produce.

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Leaf Types

• Leves have many arrangements, such as whorled
• Others are alternate or opposite

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Leaves

• Most leaves are flat, but onions are cylindrical
  and pine trees are needle-like
• A leaf has a leaf stalk (petiole) and a blade
• The blade has a midrib, veins, and margins.

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Roots

• Roots are usually underground and are not easily
  seen. Functions of roots include
• anchor the plant and hold it upright
• absorb water and minerals
• store large quantities of plant food
• propagate or reproduce some plants

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STRUCTURE

• The internal structure of a root is like a stem,
  but the exterior is very different from a stem.

Phloem(old layers of corklike bark,carries
manufactured food down to the root )
Xylem(wood, carries water and minerals up to the
stem)
Cambium
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Fibrous Roots vs. Tap Roots

• Fibrous Roots
• Much easier to transplant
• Roots are smaller, shorter and more compact

• Tap Roots
• Longer and fewer roots

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Vegetables
In addition to their function within the plant
itself, many roots are important as cash crops
for food. Carrots, beets, radishes, and sweet
potatoes are all roots.