Title: Newfoundland and Labrador Association of Fire Chiefs and Firefighters
1Newfoundland and Labrador Association of Fire
Chiefs and Firefighters
Founded 1964
Incorporated 1979
Serving Our Province for the Betterment of Fire
protection
2NLAFCFF. Basic Firefighting Course
- Fire Behaviour
- Lesson One
3OverviewIn this lesson, you will look at
- Ways to measure
- Heat and temperature.
- Combustion.
- Fire extinguishment theory.
- Classification of fires.
4ObjectivesBy end of this lesson, you should be
able to
- 1.1 Identify the correct measurement system for
measuring length, mass, time, temperature,
electric current, amount of substance, weight,
force, energy, work, power, and luminous
intensity. - 1.2 Identify the method for transferring heat and
their characteristics. - 1.3 Identify and state the Law of Conservation of
Mass-Energy. - 1.4 Identify the components of the fire
tetrahedron and their characteristics. - 1.5 Identify the ways that fire develops and
their characteristics. - 1.6 Identify thermal layering of gases and how it
effects fire growth. - 1.7 Identify backdraft and conditions that cause
it. - 1.8 Identify the products of combustion.
- 1.9 Identify ways to extinguishing fire.
- 1.10 identify the classes of fire and their
characteristics.
5- Measurement System
- English or Customary System
- International System of Units or SI
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7- Energy
- Is simply defined as the capacity to perform work
8- Work
- Is the transformation of energy from one form to
another. - The SI unit for work is joule (j)
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10- Many types of Energy
- Chemical Energy released as a result of a
chemical reaction such as combustion - Mechanical Energy an object in motion possesses
such as a rock rolling down hill. - Electrical Energy developed when electrons flows
through a conductor. - Heat Energy transferred between two bodies of
differing temperature such as the sun and earth
11- Light Visible radiation produced at the atomic
level such as a flame produced during the
combustion reaction. - Nuclear Energy released when atoms are split or
join together.
12Energy exist in two stages
- Potential energy is the energy possessed by an
object that can be released in the future.
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14Kinetic energy
- is the energy possessed by a moving object
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16Power
- Is the amount of energy delivered over a given
period of time.
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18Heat and Temperature
- Heat Is the energy transferred from one body to
another when the temperature of the bodies are
different. - Temperature Is an indicator of heat and is the
measure of warmth or coldness of an object based
on some standard.
19- Transfer of heat from body to body is measured as
energy flow (heat) over time. - This is can be described as Btu/s or kilowatts
(kW)
20Methods of Transferring Heat
21- Conduction Point to Point. Energy is transfer
from heated area to unheated area
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23- Convection Transfer of heat from movement of
heated liquid or gases.
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25- Radiation Transmission of energy as
electromagnetic waves without an intervening
medium.
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27 Matter
28- Matter can be described by its physical
properties such as mass, size or volume. - Matter can also be described in terms of density.
- Specific gravity is the ratio of mass of a given
volume of a liquid compared with the mass of an
equal volume of water. - Vapour density is the density of gas vapours in
relation to air.
29Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy
- Mass and energy can be converted from one to
another but there is never any net loss of total
mass-energy. The reduction in mass of a fuel
results in the release of energy in the form of
heat and light. - Fuel Heat Extinguishing Agent
30- Chemical reaction refers to matter changing from
one form to another or producing a new substance
(Water ice New substance hydrogen oxygen
water)
31- These changes involve an exchange of energy.
- Reactions that give off energy are called
exothermic. - Heat and light are exothermic
- Oxidation (exothermic reaction) is the formation
of a chemical bond between oxygen and another
element (oxygen iron rust. - Reactions that absorb energy are called
endothermic ( water changing to steam
32COMBUSTION
33Combustion is defined as a self-sustaining
chemical reaction yielding energy or products
that causes further reactions.
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36Fire Tetrahedron
- Oxidizing agent
- Fuel
- Forms of Heat (Chemical Electrical Mechanical
Nuclear) - Self-sustained chemical reaction
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38Oxidizing Agent
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40- Air consists of 21 oxygen.
- Combustion is supported at oxygen concentrations
as low as 14, but can be supported at lower
concentration in high temperatures.
41Common Oxidizers
- Bromates
- Bromine
- Chlorates
- Chlorine
- Fluorine
- Nitrates
- Nitric acid
- Perchlorates
- Permanganates
- Peroxides
42Fuel
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46Heat
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51Chemical Reaction
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53Fire Development
- Stages of compartment fire
- Ignition
- Growth
- Flashover
- Fully developed
- Decay
54Ignition
- Ignition describes the period when the four
elements of the fire tetrahedron comes together
and combustion begins.
55Growth
- Shortly after ignition, a fire plume begins to
form above the burning fuel. As the plume
develops, it begins to draw or entrain air from
the surrounding space into the column
56Flashover
- Flashover is the transition between the growth
and the fully developed fire stages and is not a
specific event such as ignition
57Fully Developed
- The fully developed fire stage occurs when all
combustible materials in the compartment are
involved in fire. During this period of time, the
burning fuels in the compartment are releasing
the maximum amount of heat possible for the
available fuel packages and producing large
volume of fire gases.
58Decay
- As the fire consumes the available fuel in the
compartment, the rate of heat release begins to
decline. Once again the fire becomes fuel
controlled, the amount of fire dimishes, and the
temperatures within the compartment begins to
decline.
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62Fire development is affected by the following
factors
- Size, number and arrangements of ventilation
openings - Volume of compartment
- Thermal properties of the compartment enclosures
- Compartment ceiling height
- Fuel
63Flameover/Rollover
- Conditions where flames move through or across
the unburned gases during a fires progression - Flameover involves only the fire gases.
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65Thermal layering/heat stratification/thermal
balance
- Thermal layering of gases is the tendency of
gases to form into layers according to
temperature. - A thermal imbalance can be created if water is
applied to the upper level of the thermal layer
or if continuous water is applied after the fire
has been down.
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67Backdraft
- Occurs when air is mixed in large volume of hot,
unburned fire gases collected in an unventilated
space.
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70Potential backdraft conditions
- Pressurized smoke exiting small opening.
- Black smoke becoming gray-yellow
- Confined and excessive heat
- Little or no visible flame
- Smoke leaving building in puffs
- Smoke stained windows.
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72Extinguishing a Fire
73- Cooling with water reduces the temperature.
However it does not sufficiently reduce vapour
production of low flash point substances
74Fuel Removal
75Chemical flame inhibition
76- Dry chemical and halons stop flaming and are
effective on gas and liquid fires - A substances solubility affects extinguishment.
- Most ignitable liquids have a specific gravity of
less than 1 and can float on water to burn. - Polar solvent-dissolves in water ie rum and
water - Non polar will not dissolve in water ie gas and
water. - Vapour density also affects extinguishment.
Vapours less than 1 rises, greater than 1 sinks.
77Oxygen exclusion
78- Carbon dioxide or foam can be used on fuels that
are not self-oxidizing.. - Placing a cover over a pan of burning food.
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80How do we Classify Fires
81Class A
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84Class B
- Flammable and combustible liquids and gases
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87Class C
- Energized electrical equipment
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89Class D
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92Test
- 1. The phase of fire characterized by full fire
involvement and a release of the maximum amount
of heat possible for the available fuel. - A. Ignition
- B. Decay
- C. Fully developed
- D. Backdraft
- 2. The transfer of heat by the movement of heated
liquids or gases is known as - A. Conduction
- B. Convection
- C. Radiation
- D. Mechanical
93- 3. Heat can be transferred from one body to
another by the following three methods - A. Conduction, flashover, chemical reaction
- B. Conduction, flameover, flashover
- C. Conduction, extension, radiation
- D. Conduction, convection, radiation
- 4. Water extinguishes fire basically
- A. Removing the fuel source
- B. Reducing the temperature
- C. Reducing the oxygen supply
- D. Interrupting the chemical chain reaction
94- 5. is the tendency of gases to form into
layers according to temperature. - A. Thermal layering
- B. Pyrolysis
- C. Vapourization
- D. Chain reaction
- 6.The amount of heat required to raised the
temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. - A. Calorie
- B. Btu
- C. Potential energy
- D. Kinetic energy
95- 7. The following are common oxidizers.
- A. Oxygen, chlorine, nitric acid
- B. Oxygen, gasoline, alcohol
- C. Oxygen, chlorine, propane
- D. Gasoline, kerosene, chlorine
- 8. Fire that occurs in a higher than normal
concentration of oxygen will - A. Burn at the same rate
- B. Burn at a slower rate than normal
- C. Burn at a faster rate than normal
- D. Self-extinguish
96- 9. To burn, fuel must normally be in the
- A. Solid state
- B. Liquid state
- C. Gaseous state
- D. Chemical
- 10. As a fire burns it produces these products of
combustion - A. Thermal layering, smoke, heat
- B. Smoke, heat, oxygen, carbon
- C. Smoke, heat, oxygen, light
- D. Smoke, heat light, fire gases
97- 11. Which product of combustion will cause burns
and damage to the respiratory tract? - A. Light
- B. Heat
- C. Smoke
- D. Fire gases
- 12. What two factors influence the combustion
process? - A. Distribution of the fuel and reducing agent
- B. Physical state and distribution of the fuel
- C. Physical state and volume of the fuel
- D. Chemical chain reaction and volume of the
fuel.
98Answers to test
- 1. The phase of fire characterized by full fire
involvement and a release of the maximum amount
of heat possible for the available fuel. - A. Ignition
- B. Decay
- C. Fully developed
- D. Backdraft
- 2. The transfer of heat by the movement of heated
liquids or gases is known as - A. Conduction
- B. Convection
- C. Radiation
- D. Mechanical
99- 3. Heat can be transferred from one body to
another by the following three methods - A. Conduction, flashover, chemical reaction
- B. Conduction, flameover, flashover
- C. Conduction, extension, radiation
- D. Conduction, convection, radiation
- 4. Water extinguishes fire basically
- A. Removing the fuel source
- B. Reducing the temperature
- C. Reducing the oxygen supply
- D. Interrupting the chemical chain reaction
100- 5. is the tendency of gases to form into
layers according to temperature. - A. Thermal layering
- B. Pyrolysis
- C. Vapourization
- D. Chain reaction
- 6.The amount of heat required to raised the
temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. - A. Calorie
- B. Btu
- C. Potential energy
- D. Kinetic energy
101- 7. The following are common oxidizers.
- A. Oxygen, chlorine, nitric acid
- B. Oxygen, gasoline, alcohol
- C. Oxygen, chlorine, propane
- D. Gasoline, kerosene, chlorine
- 8. Fire that occurs in a higher than normal
concentration of oxygen will - A. Burn at the same rate
- B. Burn at a slower rate than normal
- C. Burn at a faster rate than normal
- D. Self-extinguish
102- 9. To burn, fuel must normally be in the
- A. Solid state
- B. Liquid state
- C. Gaseous state
- D. Chemical
- 10. As a fire burns it produces these products of
combustion - A. Thermal layering, smoke, heat
- B. Smoke, heat, oxygen, carbon
- C. Smoke, heat, oxygen, light
- D. Smoke, heat light, fire gases
103- 11. Which product of combustion will cause burns
and damage to the respiratory tract? - A. Light
- B. Heat
- C. Smoke
- D. Fire gases
- 12. What two factors influence the combustion
process? - A. Distribution of the fuel and reducing agent
- B. Physical state and distribution of the fuel
- C. Physical state and volume of the fuel
- D. Chemical chain reaction and volume of the
fuel.