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Title: Module 9 The Built Environment


1
Module 9The Built Environment
  • BCN 1582
  • International Sustainable Development

2
Where we are and going.
  • Part I Introduction and Foundation
  • Part II International Sustainability
  • Part III The Built Environment
  • Part IV Applications to Other Sectors

3
II. The Built Environment
  • Module 9 Built Environment (26 Oct)
  • Module 10 Energy (2 Nov)
  • Module 11 Water (9 Nov)
  • Module 12 Materials (16 Nov)
  • Test 18 Nov

4
And later.
  • IV Other sectors
  • Week of 23 Nov (Tues)
  • Week of 30 Nov (Tues)
  • Week of 7 Dec (Tues)
  • Final Test TBA

5
Reminder State of the World
  • This week SOW Chapter 8
  • Next week RBE Chapter 6, NC Chapter 6
  • Third week RBE Chapter 8, NC Chapter 7
  • Fourth week RBE Chapter 10

6
Todays Built Environment
  • A complex web of systems and building structures
    serving human wants and needs through greater
    thru-puts of resources
  • Keys to understanding the role of the
    Construction Industry within Sustainable
    Development
  • Fundamental understanding of basic sustainability
    concepts
  • Fundamental understanding of how buildings use
    resources and discharge wastes throughout their
    life-cycle

7
How Buildings Work
  • Purpose
  • Provide the human support functions necessary for
    us to live and work in a comfortable, healthy and
    productive environment
  • Buildings are fundamentally an extension of human
    metabolic processes

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How Buildings Work
  • Basic human processes supported by all buildings
    include
  • Metabolism of water, energy and materials
    (plumbing, HVAC, electrical)
  • Waste removal and recycling (plumbing)
  • Thermal comfort (HVAC)
  • Respiration (HVAC)
  • Sight (lighting)
  • Physical protection (structure, envelope)
  • Performing task (equipment)

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Providing Water
  • Buildings and settlements must always be near an
    adequate source of clean water
  • Pure surface or groundwater source produced from
    the distillation or filtration of atmospheric
    water vapor
  • Piped to storage reservoirs for treatment and
    distribution
  • Use gravity as much as possible

12
Providing Water
  • Piping, pumps, storage, etc. involved in moving
    drinking quality water from the water plant to
    the user are called domestic or potable
    distribution systems
  • Part of the distribution system from the water
    plant to the meter is called the supply-side
  • Part of the distribution system from the meter to
    the building and the plumbing inside the building
    is called the demand-side

13
Providing Water
  • Potable systems
  • Eliminate harmful chemical and biological
    contaminates during treatment and provide
    residual disinfection
  • Provide sufficient pressure to operate fixtures
    (toilets, showers, dishwashers, etc.) and
    eliminate backflow

14
Impact of providing water
  • Because of relative low cost and ease of
    transport, up to 90 of all potable water is used
    for non-potable use.
  • Average American uses 100 gallons per day, or
    35 billion gallons
  • Rate of use is faster than rates of regeneration

15
Removing and Recycling Wastes
  • Nature works in closed cycles
  • What is waste to one organism is food to another
  • Nothing is wasted except small amounts of
    renewable energy from the sun

16
Removing Wastes
  • The wastewater recovery system inside the
    building is known as the drainage, waste and
    venting (DWV) system.
  • The wastewater recovery system outside of the
    building leading back to the treatment plant is
    called the sanitary or sewer system.
  • Storm water runoff and retention is a separate
    system that generally drains directly to surface
    waters without treatment

17
Removing Waste
  • In nature, food nutrients derived from the soil
    and sunlight (plants) move through the food chain
    and are returned back to the soil
  • Wastes flushed from building using potable water
  • Wastes gathered at treatment plant for biological
    treatment, disinfection and discharge
  • Because we use water as a transport vehicle for
    wastes, food nutrients are ultimately returned to
    surface waters via treatment plant effluent

18
Impact of Wastes
  • Surface waters incapable of assimilating wastes,
    resulting in nutrient over-loading, excessive
    plant growth, sunlight deprivation, decay,
    dissolved oxygen consumption, aquatic life kills,
    dead ecosystem

19
Providing Thermal Comfort
  • Psychrometrics how comfortable a person feels
    in relation to air temperature and humidity
  • Also influenced by air movement, surface contact
    and radiation
  • Building systems that actively control thermal
    comfort are called heating, ventilation and air
    conditioning (HVAC) systems

20
Providing Thermal Comfort
Winter heat loss
Summer heat gain
21
Providing Thermal Comfort
  • Heat, a form of energy, moves from high to low
    concentration (entropy)
  • Unless your environment is above 99F, you are
    constantly losing heat
  • Buildings act like clothing to regulate the
    bodys loss of internal heat at a comfortable
    rate
  • Slow loss of heat in winter
  • Increase loss of heat in summer

22
Providing Thermal Comfort
  • In order to regulate the rate of heat transferred
    from the occupant to the building, the building
    must regulate the amount of heat gained and lost
    within its envelope.
  • Heat gained inside envelope (people, equipment,
    lights, etc.)
  • Heat gained and lost through envelope (outside
    temperature, infiltration, infiltration,
    sunlight, etc.)
  • Regulated by active and passive systems

23
Providing Thermal Comfort
  • Building Envelope (passive system)
  • Heating systems (active system)
  • Cooling systems (active system)
  • All three used to maintain human comfort
    conditions
  • 72-78F
  • 40-60 relative humidity

24
Providing Thermal Comfort
25
Providing Thermal Comfort
26
Providing Thermal Comfort
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Impact of Thermal Comfort
  • Buildings use about a third of all energy
    consumed in the U.S.
  • Maintaining thermal comfort comprises about half
    of all the energy used by buildings
  • HVAC systems use refrigerants that have either
    ozone-depleting potential (ODP) or global warming
    potential.

29
Providing Respiration
  • Nature renews outdoor air
  • Sunlight kills pathogens
  • Plants remove CO2
  • Gravity and rainfall draw out particles
  • Wind disperses and dilutes contaminates
  • 15 cubic feet per minute (cfm) of fresh air
    make-up aka number of building air changes

30
Providing Respiration
31
Impacts of Providing Respiration
  • Too little outside air and a build-up of CO2 and
    recirculated airborne debris and pathogens
    results in sick building
  • Too much outside air and excessive energy use to
    heat or cool and control humidity
  • If humidity is not controlled, bio-growth in HVAC
    ducts and building surfaces

32
Providing Illumination
  • We gather most of the information needed to
    survive and be productive from our eyes
  • Light comes from natural (passive) and artificial
    (active) sources
  • Reflected wavelengths are captured by our eyes,
    converted to electrical impulses and transmitted
    to the brain, which then creates visual images
  • Amount of light needed is determined by the task

33
Providing Illumination
34
Impacts of Providing Illumination
  • Many spaces today are over lit or use less than
    optimal light distribution, do not adjust to
    changing levels of daylight
  • Lighting systems not only use energy, the energy
    that is used is transformed to heat for added
    load on HVAC systems
  • Lamps (bulbs) are often made of detrimental
    materials such as mercury

35
Providing Physical Protection
  • Protection from elements
  • Protection from unwanted intrusion
  • Provide useful surfaces and resource reserves
  • Provides envelope for desirable human environment
  • Structure for active and passive systems that
    provide water, remove wastes, physical provide
    comfort and illumination, perform tasks, etc.

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Performing Task(s)
  • Beyond basic survival, buildings increasingly
    perform human tasks
  • All human endeavors whether physical,
    intellectual, etc. require the availability of
    concentrated energy
  • The form of energy most needed is electromagnetic
    energy (electricity)

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Impacts of performing tasks
  • The transformation and delivery of concentrated
    energy from dilute, low-grade concentrations
    existing in nature requires several steps
  • Losses of energy occur in each step (1st and 2nd
    Laws of Thermodynamics)
  • Use of non-renewables
  • Extracting fossil fuels, emissions to air,
    hazardous wastes, etc.

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Concepts in Sustainable Building
  • Just like people, the creation and sustainment of
    the built environment requires five fundamental
    ingredients
  • Energy
  • Water
  • Materials
  • Land
  • Biota (living systems)

43
Sustainable Development
  • ....to meet the needs of the present without
    compromising the ability of the future
    generations to meet their own needs.
  • The World Commission on Environment and
    Development (1987)

44
Conventional Building Criteria
  • Non-renewable energy
  • Wasteful use of materials and byproducts are
    discarded to soil, water and air
  • Compliance with the law is the measure of success
  • Goals are short term
  • Design is based on convenience, custom, and
    economics
  • Nature is manipulated to meet a narrow range of
    human needs

45
  • We cant solve the problems of the past using
    the same thinking and methods that created them
  • .Einstein

46
Sustainable Principles
  • Conserve
  • Reuse
  • Renew/Recycle
  • Protect Nature
  • Non-toxins
  • Economics
  • Quality
  • Durability

47
Sustainable Building Criteria
  • Smaller is better
  • Energy-efficient building 
  • Use renewable energy
  • Optimize material use
  • Water-efficient, low-maintenance landscaping 
  • Occupants recycling
  • Design for durability 
  • Design for future reuse and adaptability
  • Avoid potential health hazards radon, mold,
    pesticides

48
Building Life-cycle (Cradle to Grave)
  • Resource extraction
  • Manufacture
  • Development
  • Design
  • Construction (Birth)
  • Operation and Maintenance (Life)
  • Deconstruction (Death)
  • Disposition

49
Putting it all together
Life-cycle
Life-cycle
Criteria
Criteria
Phases
Phases
Disposition
Disposition
Renovation
Renovation
Conserve

Deconstruction
Deconstruction
Reuse
OM
Renew/Recycle
Construction
Protect Nature
Design
Non-
Toxics

Development
Development
Economics
Manufacture
Manufacture
Quality
Extraction
Extraction
Durability
Resources
Energy Water Materials Land Biota
50
Key Players
  • Owner
  • Architects, engineers, design consultants
  • Builders, contractors, CMs, trades
  • Facilities managers
  • Users
  • Lenders
  • Manufacturers and suppliers
  • Planning code officials
  • Service providers
  • Community

51
Key Player Relationships
  • Design / Bid
  • - less flexibility, integration
  • competitive process, lowest initial cost
  • Construction Management
  • - less-competitive, cost, GMP
  • flexibility, integration, knowledge, GMP
  • Design / Build
  • - cost-control, less-competitive, capacity
  • communication, flexibility, creativity,
    continuity, lowest life-cycle cost

52
Key Operationalizing Concepts
  • Renovate older buildings
  • Create community
  • Encourage in-fill and mixed-use development 
  • Minimize automobile dependence
  • Value and take advantage of site resources
  • Locate buildings to minimize environmental impact
  • Provide responsible on-site water management 
  • Situate buildings to benefit from existing
    vegetation
  • Avoid harmful substances (e.g., ozone-depleting
    chemicals in mechanical equipment and
    insulation) 

53
Key Operationalizing Concepts
  • Use durable products and materials
  • Choose low-maintenance building materials 
  • Choose building materials with low embodied
    energy
  • Buy locally produced building materials
  • Use building products made from recycled
    materials
  • Use salvaged building materials when possible
  • Seek responsible wood supplies
  • Avoid materials that will off-gas pollutants
  • Minimize use of pressure-treated lumber

54
Key Operationalizing Concepts
  • Minimize packaging waste 
  • Install high-efficiency heating and cooling
    equipment
  • Install high-efficiency lights and appliances
  • Install water-efficient equipment
  • Install mechanical ventilation equipment
  • Protect trees and topsoil during sitework 
  • Minimize job-site waste
  • Establish measurable goals and standards!
  • CERTIFIED ENERGY STAR OR LEED GREEN BUILDING

55
The U.S. Green Building Council
www.usgbc.org
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Green Building Materials
Hebel Block ACC
Truss Joist McMillan Engineered Lumber
58
Rocky Mountain Institute Building
59
Darmstadt Passivhaus
60
Earthship under Construction
61
Planning Concepts
  • Urban Planning How buildings and infrastructure
    interact to form community synergy
  • Location efficiency
  • Transit, walkability, mixed-uses
  • Urban density, mix of housing types
  • Sidewalks, porches, fronts and backs
  • Alleys, side and rear garages
  • Urban and infill locations

62
Industry Response Green, High Performance
Buildings
  • What is Green Building? The creation and
    maintenance of a healthy built environment based
    on resource efficient and ecological principles.
  • Also referred to as High Performance buildings
  • And sometimes referred to as Sustainable
    Construction
  • Architects refer to the process as Ecological
    Design or Ecologically Sustainable Design.

63
Seaside
64
Seaside
65
Seaside
66
Seaside
67
Orenco Station, OR
68
Orenco Station
69
Shopping Center
70
Strip Mall
71
Green Buildings as a Response
  • Energy efficiency -50
  • Water conserving -60
  • Reduced waste -80
  • Deconstructable, recyclable future resources
  • Improved site protection
  • Healthier buildings IAQ during construction

72
Green Buildings
  • Energy
  • Passive Design energy, lighting, envelope (skin,
    windows, door)
  • Renewable energy solar HW, PV
  • High efficiency lighting, HVAC, equipment, etc.
  • Water
  • Low flow fixtures, gray water, rainwater
    harvesting, reclaimed water
  • Native and adapted species, low water use
  • Materials
  • Zero emissions, indoor environmental quality
    (IEQ)
  • Modular, deconstructable
  • Renewable, Recyclable, Recycled Content, Reused

73
The LEED Standard
  • Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
    (LEED)
  • US Green Building Council consensus standard
  • Scorecard for buildings Platinum, Gold, Silver,
    Bronze
  • Rates buildings in 5 major areas
  • Sustainable Sites
  • Improving Energy Efficiency
  • Conserving Materials and Resources
  • Enhancing Indoor Environmental Quality
  • Safeguarding Water

74
ABOUT LEED CERTIFICATION
  • LEED is a suite of standards
  • LEED-NC 2.1 is for commercial buildings
  • LEED-EB about to be issued in final form
  • LEED-Residential (under development)
  • LEED-Retail (under development)
  • Point System (69 Total Points)
  • Certified 26 points
  • Silver 33 points
  • Gold 39 points
  • Platinum 52 points
  • Created to assess buildings but actually serves
    to guide design and construction

75
http//www.usgbc.org
76
Growth of Green Building Activity, USGBC
77
US Green Home Builder Programs
78
The Florida Green Building Coalition
http//floridagreenbuilding.org
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Rinker Hall
  • Gold Certified 39 points (69 max)
  • Energy
  • Extensive daylighting, daylighting geometry,
    lighting controls, low-e windows
  • White reflective roof, metal skin, high
    resistance envelope
  • Energy recovery ventilator (ERV)
  • Variable air volume (VAV) system
  • Energy efficient motors

81
Rinker Hall (more)
  • Water
  • Waterless urinals
  • Low flow faucets
  • Rainwater harvesting for toilets
  • Reclaimed water for irrigation
  • Materials
  • Linoleum flooring
  • Cellulose insulation
  • Wood from sustainably managed forests
  • Deconstructability
  • Recycled content carpeting

82
Rinker Hall (even more!)
  • Indoor Environmental Quality
  • Low emissions paints and carpeting
  • Daylighting and green views
  • Site
  • Former parking lot
  • Trees preserved
  • Recycled asphalt and limerock

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Rinker Hall (last one, promise!)
  • Construction Operations
  • Construction waste reduction and recycling
  • Protecting ductwork during construction
  • Erosion and sedimentation control
  • Protecting trees

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San Francisco Federal Building
91
Solaire, New York City
Solaire- New York City
92
University of Nottingham
93
Critical Role of Landscape
  • Heating and cooling
  • Stormwater storage and uptake
  • Amenity
  • Waste processing
  • Calorie production
  • Artistic connection

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Mercedes Showroom StuttgartGround Coupling
96
Radiant Cooling Systems
97
Closed Materials Cycles
  • Strategy is to keep materials in productive use
    three levels required
  • Buildings that can be disassembled to support
    reuse and recycling
  • Products designed for reuse and disassembly
  • Materials that are valuable, recyclable
  • Mimicking nature

98
Hume Hall University of Florida Nov 2000
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Bioregionalism
  • Bioregionalismresearching and understanding the
    system larger than the project scale.
  • Applying that knowledge to the interaction of the
    urban components infrastructure, utilities, and
    neighborhood patterns.
  • Incorporating the "free work" of natural systems
    - ecology, biology, physics, climate, hydrology,
    and soils by using natural processes rather than
    technology for water storage and cleaning, micro
    climatic control and resource use, reuse and
    recycling.
  • Designing the connections to make use of this
    "free work" biourbanism

104
Animal Architecture
http//www.gaiagroup.org/
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