TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN

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TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN
Hande Yagcan, Nursing, Turkey Katrien Bruneel,
Occupational Therapy, Belgium Sherlylynn Laban,
Nursing, Denmark Stine Thomsen, Occupational
Therapy, Denmark Kirsten Andersen, Midwifery,
Denmark Hanne Lorimer Aamodt, Nursing, Norway
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• 'Trafficking in persons' shall mean the
  recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring
  or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or
  use of force or other forms of coercion, of
  abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse
  of power or of a position of vulnerability or of
  the giving or receiving of payments or benefits
  to achieve the consent of a person having control
  over another person, for the purpose of
  exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a
  minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of
  others or other forms of sexual exploitation,
  forced labour or services, slavery or practices
  similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of
  organs (Article 3,UN Protocol to Prevent,
  Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons,
  especially Women and Children, supplementing the
  United Nations Convention Against Transnational
  Organized Crime)

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Fact Sheet
12.3 million people working as slaves at any
given time 4 million people are victims of
trafficking every year 3.2 within national
borders 800.000 over international
borders 500.000 people are traded into Europe
per year
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80 are women and underaged girls 80 of these
are traded for prostitution purposes 3. most
money making form of organized crime passed
only by trade in weapons and drugs. annual
profit of 1 billion euro Source
www.kvindehandel.dk
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Trafficking and Poverty

• Main causes. Why does trafficking exist?
• Demand growing market
• Supply economical and social inequality
• also
• prostitution is legal
• forced prostitution by western husbands
• Poverty ? Trafficking

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Health Problems of Trafficking Women
Psychlogical Health Problems
Physical Health Problems
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Psychological Health Problems
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Psychlogical Health Problems

• Anxiety disorders
• Traumatic stress disorders
• Fear-fobia
• Mood disorders
• Depression
• Sleeping disturbance-disorders
• Eating disturbance-disorders
• Drug or alcohol abuse

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Traumatic Stress Disorders

• Severe traumatic event
• Avoiding any thoughts  
• Can not recall important details
• Feelings of no real future
• Flashbacks, hallucinations, illusions
• Sleeping Problems
• Irritability or outbursts of anger
• Concentrating problems.
• Source DSM IV(Diagnostical and Statistical
  Manual of Mental Disease)

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Depression

• Loss of interest in daily activities
• Significant weight loss or gain
• Insomnia or hypersomnia
• Psychomotoric agitation or retardation
• Risk of committing suicide
• Source DSM IV (Diagnostical and Statistical
  Manual of Mental Disease)

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Physical Health Problems
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STD)

• group of contagious conditions whose principal
  mode of transmission is by intimate sexual
  activity

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Sexually transmitted diseases(STD)

• Bacterial infections
• - Syphilis
• - Gonorrhoea
• - Chlamydial infection
• - Organisms associated with bacterial
  vaginosis
• Viral infections
• - Genital herpes
• - Genital warts
• Protozoal infections
• - Trichomoniasis
• Fungal infections
• - Vaginal candidosis
• Ectoparasites
• - Scabies
• - Pubic lice
• Others eg. HIV, Hepatitis A B

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Chlamydial infection

• Infect mucosal areas with resulting submucosal
  inflammation and marked neutrophil responses
• Coexistion with gonnorhea
• Treatment antibiotics

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Hepatitis

• 400-5OO million people
• He patitis BVirus a developped DNA virus
• Virus found in body fluids
• HAV
• -spread from the stool to the mounth
• - symptoms poor appetite, feeling ill,
  nausea, fever
• HBV
• - spread through contaminated blood
• - symptoms joint pains , wheals( itchy red
  hives on the skin), dark urine
• HCV

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

• Symptoms
• fever, swollen, lymph nodes and general
  discomfort 3-14 days.
• symptoms disappear, lymphs may stay enlarged,
  may have no other symptoms for years

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What is being done to prevent Trafficking?
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UN on trafficking

• The Global programme against trafficking was
  launched by UN,UNODC, and UNICRI
• GPAT assist in covering the organized crime
  groups in human trafficking and promotes other
  effective ways to track down these prepetrators.

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GPAT

• At national level the program aims
• - promote public awareness campaign
• - train lawenforcement, judges and
  procecuters
• - advise in revising and drafting relevant
  legislation
• - strenghten victim and witness support
• At international level the program aims
• - provide assistance to agencies, institutions
  and governments as part of an interdisciplinary
  effort to design effective measures against
  trafficking in human beings

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The most important bills launched by the EU

• Since 1996 the EU has had a common strategy as a
  countermeasure against human trafficking

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The strategy is based on three main principles

• Prevention of illegal acts of human trafficking
• Providing protection and support to the victims
• Prosecution of the perpetrators

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Reden Stop Kvindehandel

• 2006 Report on human trafficking
• Why the phenomenon exist?

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What can we do?

• Legalization
• Criminalization

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Conclusion

• There is no evidence to prove that legalization
  of prostitution reduces the number of traded
  women
• On the other hand, it is indicated that the main
  effect of legalized prostitution is an increase
  in the demand for prostitutes, and a subsequent
  increase of human trafficking

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How Reden thinks that human Trafficking can be
stopped

• Ban on buying sexual services
• - Signal non-acceptance
• The high profit / low risk for perpetrators must
  be changed
• Establish more social initiatives in the
  countries of origin
• Enhance international cooperation between police
  and social organizations

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• Our professions in context

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Midwives
The Patient a traded woman
Occupational Therapists
Nurses
Other health care personnel
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Professions

• Multidisiplinary activities
• Harm reduction
• Empowerment
• Wellbeing programs
• Job rehabilitation
• Medical treatment

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What to do about STD?

• Accurate diagnosis
• Effective treatment
• Finish treatment before resumption of sexual
  activity
• Partner notification to prevent further
  transmission
• Counseling on safe sexual practices
• The exhibition of a confidential, friendly, well
  advertised and accessible environment for patient
  care

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What to do about the mental suffering?

• Show empathy
• Create an atmosphere of respect and trust
• Encourage the women to take an active part in the
  rehabilitation
• Humour and spontaneity create a relaxed and
  lively atmosphere- when the situation allows it
• An open dialogue
• An interpreter facilitates this communication and
  acts as a cultural mediator

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Discussion

• What do you think will help the women traded?
  Legalization, criminalization.
• Who makes the market? What can one do about this?