APA- Abstract, Results

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APA- Abstract, Results Discussion(Smith
Davis, 2005 Mitchell Jolley, 2004)
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APA- Abstract

• Abstract
• The abstract of an experimental report consists
  of a brief (up to 120 words) one paragraph
  description of the research presented in your
  paper.
• should include a description of the intent and
  procedure (including participants and method) of
  your project, the results you obtained, and the
  projects implications or applications.
• It is important to note that the abstract is
  typed in block form there is not indentation on
  the first line.
• Your proposal same except not in past tense
  (future) and
• will not have results to report only what you
  predict will happen

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Abstract

• Brief summary of the paper
• Typically, no more than 6 sentences summarizing
  introduction, method, results, and discussion

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Results (inferential)

• Results ? As well as basic stats
• Descriptive statistics
• In order to give a full picture of the data, it
  is customary to present descriptive statistics in
  addition to the inferential statistics.
• Means and standard deviations typically allow
  readers to get a good feel for the data.
• With a small number of groups, you can present
  the descriptive statistics in the text.
• With many groups, it may be more efficient and
  clearer to present the descriptive statistics in
  either a table or a figure.

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Sections of the APA-Format Paper

• Results
• Descriptive statistics
• A figure is a pictorial representation of a set
  of results.
• It is likely that the majority of figures you
  will use will be line graphs or bar graphs.
• It may be easier to see an interaction in a line
  graph than in a bar graph.
• Be sure to refer to your figures in the text at
  an appropriate place.
• The advantage of a figure over a table is
  accessibility the data, particularly the
  significant interaction, seem easier to
  understand and conceptualize in the pictorial
  presentation.

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Figures Captions
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Tables

• Results
• Descriptive statistics
• A table consists of a display of data, usually in
  numerical form.
• To use a table, your data display should be large
  enough that it would be difficult or confusing to
  present in the text.
• If you use a table in your paper, be sure to
  refer to it at the appropriate point.

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Proposal Results Section

• Results
• YOU WILL NOT REPORT RESULTS
• First list the design of the experiment
• A 3X4 between subjects design
• Here write The Independent variables are list
  the levels. Then list the DV.The dependent
  variable is
• Then, the stats you will useThe data will be
  analyzed with a two-way ANOVA
• Do not forget post hocs if applicable (exact one
  Bonferroni etc)
• The expected effect of your manipulationsbut, do
  not go into the meaning or implications of your
  expected findingthis is left for the discussion
  section

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APA Discussion Section

• Relate predicted results to the hypothesis
• Relate predicted results to previous research and
  theory
• Discuss limitations of study
• Discuss follow-up studies

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Writing the Discussion Section

• Did the results support the hypothesis?
• What do the results mean in terms of the points
  you brought up in your introduction?
• What are the limitations of your study or
  alternative explanations for your results?
• What explanations do you have for any unexpected
  findings?
• What directions do you see for future research?
• What are the practical or theoretical
  implications of your findings?

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Sections of the APA-Format Paper

• Discussion
• The fourth major section of the APA-format paper.
• Contains a summary of the experiments results, a
  comparison of those results to previous research,
  and the conclusion(s) from the experiment.

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Discussion

• Discussion (for proposal same issues)
• You should be guided by three questions in the
  discussion section
• What have I contributed here?
• How has my study helped to resolve the original
  problem?
• What conclusions and theoretical implications can
  I draw from my study?
• Typically, authors answer these three questions
  by
• Briefly restating their findings (hypothesis)
• Comparing and contrasting their findings to
  previous research cited in the introduction
• Giving their interpretation of their findings

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Sections of the APA-Format Paper

• Discussion
• Interpreting the results
• This portion of the discussion section gives you
  more of a free hand to engage in conjecture and
  speculation than any other portion of the
  experimental writeup.
• It is here that you draw the bottom line to your
  study
• What is the overall conclusion?
• What are the implications of your results for any
  psychological theories?
• How can your results be applied in various
  settings the laboratory, the real world, our
  body of psychological knowledge?
• What new research should grow out of this study?

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Proposal

• Discussion
• First present the expected results of your study
• Start this sentence with a rehash of your
  hypothesis
• Discuss the importance of your study
• What is the overall conclusion?
• What are the implications of your results for any
  psychological theories?
• How can your results be applied in various
  settings the laboratory, the real world, our
  body of psychological knowledge?
• Discuss the limitations
• Start with the measures you are taking to
  control for possible threats to validity (the 9
  evil), then cover the threats that you were not
  able to control for in your design and the trade
  offsmaybe external vs internal validity issues
• End your paper with a statement about why your
  study will add to existing knowledge and future
  directions for study in your topic area