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Data Manipulation

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Title: Data Manipulation


1
Chapter 2
  • Data Manipulation

2
Before we start
  • About the Lab Project.
  • BASIC Programming
  • Requirement file on the web site.
  • Due date is posted.
  • Save your file as PRO3.BAS and mail me with the
    attachment.

3
Chapter Overview
  • This chapter introduces the activities of a
    computers CPU.
  • It describes the machine cycle executed by the
    control unit and the various operations performed
    by a typical arithmetic/logic unit.
  • The concept of a machine language is presented in
    terms of the simple machine language, which is in
    Appendix C of the text.

4
Chapter Overview
  • The machine language in Appendix C involves only
    direct and immediate addressing. However,
    indirect addressing is introduced in the last
    section of Chapter 8 after the pointer concept
    has been presented in the context of data
    structures.

5
Chapter 2.1
  • Computer Architecture

6
What's Computer Architecture?
  • Computer Architecture is the science and art of
    selecting and interconnecting hardware components
    to create computers that meet functional,
    performance and cost goals.
  • Computer architecture is not about using
    computers to design buildings.

7
Computer Architecture
  • Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor
  • Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
  • Control Unit
  • Registers
  • Cache Memory
  • Bus
  • Motherboard

8
CPU
  • Central Processing Unit.
  • It is the circuit in a computer that performs
    operations, such as addition and subtraction on
    data.

9
History of computing hardware
  • First mechanical calculators
  • In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard built the first
    mechanical calculator and thus became the father
    of the computing era.

10
History of computing hardware
  • Punched card technology
  • In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom
    in which the pattern being woven was controlled
    by punched cards. The series of cards could be
    changed without changing the mechanical design of
    the loom. This was a landmark point in
    programmability.
  • In 1833, Charles Babbage moved on from developing
    his difference engine to developing a more
    complete design, the analytical engine which
    would draw directly on Jacquard's punch cards for
    its programming.

11
History of computing hardware
  • Punched card technology
  • In 1890 the United States Census Bureau used
    punch cards and sorting machines designed by
    Herman Hollerith to handle the flood of data from
    the decennial census mandated by the
    Constitution. Hollerith's company eventually
    became the core of IBM. IBM developed punch card
    technology into a powerful tool for business data
    processing and produced an extensive line of
    specialized unit record equipment. By 1950 the
    IBM card had become ubiquitous in industry and
    government. The warning printed on most cards,
    "Do not fold, staple or mutilate," became a motto
    for the post-World War II era.

12
Histories
  • Second generation -- late 1950s and early 1960s
  • The next major step in the history of computing
    was the invention of the transistor in 1947. This
    replaced the fragile and power hungry valves with
    a much smaller and more reliable component.
    Transistorized computers are normally referred to
    as 'Second Generation' and dominated the late
    1950s and early 1960s. By using transistors and
    printed circuits a significant decrease in size
    and power consumption was achieved, along with an
    increase in reliability.

13
Histories
  • Vacuum tube circuits and drum memory
  • For example, the vacuum tube based IBM 650 of
    1954 weighed over 900 kg, the attached power
    supply weighed around 1350 kg and both were held
    in separate cabinets of roughly 1.5 meters by 0.9
    meters by 1.8 meters. It cost 500,000 or could
    be leased for 3,500 a month. (Its drum memory
    was originally only 2000 ten-digit words, and
    required arcane programming for efficient
    computing. This type of hardware limitation was
    to dominate programming for decades afterward,
    until the evolution of a programming model which
    was more sympathetic to software development.) By
    contrast, the transistorized IBM 1620, which
    replaced the 650, was the size of an office desk.
    Second generation computers were still expensive
    and were primarily used by universities,
    governments, and large corporations.

14
CPU
  • IBM 603 vacuum tube multiplier. Similar units
    were included as part of early electronic
    computers

15
CPU
  • How they look like now?
  • The following picture is AMD Athlon 64 processor.

16
AMD
17
CPU
  • CPU from Intel

18
CPU in Apple Macintosh
  • The changes of Apple Computers
  • http//www.apple-history.com

19
CPU in Apple Mac
  • Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in
    2006

20
CPU
  • A CPU consists of two parts
  • Arithmetic/logic unit
  • It contains the circuitry that performs data
    manipulation
  • Control unit
  • Contains the circuitry for coordinating the
    machines activities.

21
CPU
  • Registers
  • For temporary storage of information purpose.
  • It is similar to main memory cells.
  • The registers can be classified as either
  • General-purpose registers
  • Special-purpose registers

22
CPU
  • General-purpose registers
  • It serves as temporary holding places for data
    being manipulated by the CPU.

23
CPU
  • These registers hold the inputs to the
    arithmetic/logic units circuitry and provide
    storage space for results produced by that unit.

24
CPU
  • Heres a diagram showing the levels in a typical
    memory hierarchy. Moving farther away from the
    CPU, the memory in the level becomes larger and
    slower .

25
CPU
  • Special-purpose registers
  • instruction register
  • Program counter
  • Will discuss them in Chapter 2.3

26
BUS
  • For the purpose of transferring bit patterns, a
    machines CPU and main memory are connected by a
    collection of wires called a bus.

27
Stored program concept
  • A program is just a special type of data.
  • A program can be stored in main memory.
  • One general-purpose machine can run many
    different programs.

28
Adding values stored in memory
29
Adding values stored in memory
30
Reference
  • http//www.cs.iastate.edu/prabhu/Tutorial/CACHE/m
    em_title.html
  • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_un
    it
  • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_
    hardware
  • http//williamstallings.com/COA5e.html
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