Anil Agarwal Clean Air Model

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RIGHT TO CLEAN AIR CAMPAIGN
Optimise Air Quality Benefits from CNG The
Delhi Experience Anumita Roychowdhury Centre
for Science and Environment National Workshop
on the Improvement of the Urban Air Quality of
Pakistan 13-15 December, 2004 Lahore
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Pollution Effects of Replacing Diesel with CNG

• CNG An opportunity in Asia
• The gaseous fuel programmes in Asia have their
  own idiosyncrasies -- genesis, goals, objectives
  and implementation strategies.
• What is driving CNG programmes in Asia?
• Concern over toxic particulate emissions from
  transportation sector and the immediate reduction
  possible with CNG
• Tide over the slow pace of change in the
  conventional diesel and gasoline technology
• Energy security
• The West has already taken the decision to adopt
  stringent fuel neutral standards. We are far
  behind this target.

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Challenges and success of the Indian programme

• Uniqueness of the Indian programme
• Court orders and regulatory mandates are carving
  out CNG market to change the existing fuel matrix
  
• CNG is replacing the use of poor quality diesel
  -- largely in buses, trucks and two-stroke
  three-wheelers to maximise emission gains
• Technology based decision become necessary for
  immediate relief from toxic diesel particles
• In Delhi CNG programme was linked to
  augmentation of public transport.
• India with its own manufacturing base found it
  easier to deploy a large-scale programme
• An important perceived benefit is the liberation
  from the evil clutches of fuel adulteration

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On road Euro II diesel bus emits nearly 46 times
higher PM than Euro II CNG bus in India.
Source Teri
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Locate CNG vs diesel debate in right perspective
Nils-Olof Nylund Kimmo Erkkilä, TRANSIT BUS
EMISSION STUDY COMPARISON OF EMISSIONS FROM
DIESEL AND NATURAL GAS BUSES, VTT Technical
Research Centre of Finland
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Mounting evidence on cleaner emissions
VTT
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Less toxic
Source IGL
Source VTT
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Three-way catalysts reduces NOx. EEV NOx norms
are 2.5 times more stringent than Euro III NOx
limit
Source VTT
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VTT Study Total numbers of particles from CNG
and diesel CRT are comparable
Source VTT
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CNG Skip, hop and sidestep strategy
l 10,200 buses l 52,623 Three-wheelers l
10,350 private cars l 4,497 mini buses l
5,043 taxis l 5,909 light commercial vehicles
l 689 Other commercial vehicles
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Refueling Infrastructure
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Refueling infrastructure

• Total CNG refuelling stations122
• Total dispensing capacity 802,000 kg/day
• Dedicated mother stations for DTC buses 19
• Other mother stations 37
• Online stations 31
• Daughter stations 4
• Daughter booster stations 31
• Further extension of pipeline ongoing

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Source IGL
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Impact Particulate levels stabilise
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Impact Significant decline in CO levels
Source Computed from Central Pollution Control
Board Air Quality Data
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Impact SO2 levels plummet
Source Computed from Central Pollution Control
Board Air Quality Data
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NO2 levels An emerging threat
Source Computed from Central Pollution Control
Board Air Quality Data
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Delhi CNG Story

• July 28, 1998 - Supreme Court of India orders the
  CNG program for Delhi
• No buses over 8 years old after 4/1/2000 except
  on CNG
• All buses on CNG or other clean fuel by 3/31/2001
• Financial incentives for CNG in taxis,
  three-wheelers etc.
• Automated I/M program for commercial vehicles
• Strengthen I/M for all vehicles

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Delhi CNG Program History

• March 31, 2001 - deadline for CNG buses met by
  public bus fleet, but not private operators
• Ramping up production capacity for new buses
• Executive branch delayed and confused issues,
  leading bus operators to delay compliance
• clean diesel disinformation - emission benefits
  of ultra-low sulfur diesel DPF claimed for 500
  ppm diesel alone
• Operators ordered CNG chassis, but refused
  delivery

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Countering disinformation
CNG causes cancer
CNG technology is experimental
CNG buses are more expensive and will hurt the
poor
CNG vehicles emit more ultrafine particles
There is not enough gas to meet transport demand
CNG emits more greenhouse gases
CNG vehicles are unsafe
We confronted every myth that confounded decision
makers, public and media alike
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Bus fire incidents
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Building CNG programme with science

• May, 2001 - Weaver, Erlandsson, Dursbeck review
  CNG program at CSE request
• Numerous recommendations on technical details and
  implementation
• April 5, 2002 - Court orders fines for diesel bus
  operators
• Rs 500/day (about US11), to Rs 1000/day in 30
  days
• Operators must take delivery of new buses ordered
  
• Delhi Govt. must phase out 800 diesel buses/month
• National Govt. to report on measures for
  extending CNG to other polluted cities
• Led to huge increase in private CNG buses and
  demand for bus conversions by private operators
• June, 2002 - Erlandsson and Weaver return to
  review progress and safety
• review progress on fueling infrastructure,
  conversions, inspection, etc.
• recommend specific actions for Court and Delhi
  Govt.

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Breaking resistance with science
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Main Conclusion 2001 Reaffirmed 2002

• We are unanimous in our view that the principal
  program elements required to implement the CNG
  bus program in Delhi appear to be in place, and
  that this program appears poised for outstanding
  success.
• This is an accomplishment of which the world
  will take notice, and in which the principal
  agencies and persons involved in the CNG program
  can rightly take great pride. This program can
  serve as an outstanding example for other cities
  and nations of a successful transition to CNG.

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Leyland CNG Bus Chassis

• Diesel engine re-engineered for stoichiometric SI
  operation
• Closed-loop air-fuel ratio trim on mechanical
  mixer
• Three-way catalytic converter
• Distributor-type ignition
• CNG cylinders and fittings from industrial
  compressed-gas designs

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Telco CNG Bus Chassis

• Cummins 5.9 l engine, similar technology to
  Leyland

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Lessons for Other Cities Policy

• CNG is a viable technology for drastically
  reducing diesel PM and NOx emissions where
  natural gas supply/pricing are favorable
• Need to set appropriate emissions and safety
  standards
• Large-scale change in vehicle fleet is possible
  in a surprisingly short time
• Need to get the incentives right (carrot and
  stick)
• Need consistent messages
• government spokesmen
• opinion leaders

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Regulatory challenges

• Adopt international standards and practices for
  automotive CNG, adapting these to local
  circumstances where necessary
• ISO 15500
• ANSI/NGV standards series
• Enforce safety and emissions standards from the
  beginning otherwise vested interests make them
  difficult to introduce
• Establish a CNG safety organization
• Investigate accidents and safety hazards
• Evaluate effectiveness of inspections and
  compliance with standards
• Identify and recommend corrective action

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Lessons for Other Cities Implementation

• Implement rigorous third-party inspection of
  vehicles and CNG fueling stations
• For CNG conversions before entering service
• For all CNG and diesel vehicles periodically
  in-use
• Check for emissions (diesel PM, CNG NOx/CO) and
  safety (especially of CNG system)
• Supplement periodic inspections with on-road
  checks
• Existing diesel vehicles can be converted to CNG,
  but public transport policy should emphasize new
  dedicated CNG vehicles rather than conversions

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Bus Conversions
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Coordinate infrastructure and vehicle
provisionchickens and eggs, simultaneously

• Improve fueling infrastructure
• Found that 60 of stations that were daughter
  stations were selling 15 of the gas. Plan more
  online stations.
• Separate fueling facilities for buses and large
  trucks
• Manage queues Reduce hazards of mixing light and
  heavy-duty traffic
• Give priority to public transport vehicles
• Train drivers, mechanics, fueling attendants,
  traffic police, managers ... Everybody involved

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Industry initiative Role in voluntary remedial
action

• Industry began to assess safety related
  engineering issues to make incremental
  modifications
• Improved high pressure piping, venting of
  pressure relief valve, ignition system etc
• New challenges.
• Diversification of product line

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Getting the prices right

• Fuel price imbroglio in Delhi
• Lessons
•   Design fiscal and regulatory measures to
  generate market for alternative fuelled vehicles
  and its expansion.
• Need favourable taxation policy
• Maintain an effective price differential with
  diesel for maximum emissions gains
• Other incentive programmes

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Current Issues in Delhi

• Improve maintenance regime for CNG vehicles
• Introduce loaded mode test procedures under
  vehicle inspection programme to enable NOx
  measurements
• Increase the certified life for catalytic
  converters in buses.

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End Note

• Do not allow adhocism to afflict the new
  programme that promises immediate and significant
  emissions benefits
• Cities embarking on gaseous fuel programme will
  have to develop institutional capacity to address
  regulatory and operational issues.
• Some operational difficulties are expected in a
  new programme. This requires immediate
  corrective action through constant monitoring.
• New programme requires a supportive institutional
  framework. Consistently work towards improving
  the programme content.
• Leapfrog with gaseous fuels

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Right to Clean Air Campaign