Iconography of Solanaceae: Antiquity to the 17th Century

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Iconography of SolanaceaeAntiquity to the 17th
Century
Marie-Christine Daunay, Jules Janick Henri
Laterrot INRA, UGAFL, Montfavet, France Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Solanaceae Species

• OLD WORLD
• Mandrake Mandragora spp.
• Henbane Hyoscyamus spp.
• Belladonna Atropa belladonna
• Nightshades Solanum nigrum aff.
• Eggplant Solanum melongena

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Solanaceae Species

• NEW WORLD OLD WORLD
• Alkekengi (OW) Physalis alkekengi
• Husk tomato (NW) Physalis spp.
• Downy thornapple (OW) Datura metel
• Downy thornapple (NW) Datura innoxia
• Jimsonweed (NW) Datura stramonium

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Solanaceae Species

• NEW WORLD
• Tomato Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon
  esculentum
• Capsicum pepper Capsicum spp.
• Potato Solanum tuberosum
• Tobacco Nicotiana spp.

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Two main sources of images
paintings
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Sources

• Pre-Columbian Documents
• New World Documents
• Medieval Manuscripts
• Renaissance Herbals

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Otto Brunfels 14641534
Leonhart Fuchs15011566
George Oellinger14871557
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Pier Andrea Mattioli 15011577
Jacques Dalechamp15131588
Rembert Dodoens15171585
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Ulisse Aldrovandi15221605
Mathias de LObel 15381616
Charles de LEcluse 15261609
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John Gerard 1545-1612
Gaspar Bauhin15601624
Besler 15611619
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Other herbalists used
Castor Durante, 15201590
Adam Lonicer, 15281586
Jacobi Zanoni, 16151682
Zuingeri, 16581724
John Parkinson15671629
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Mandrake Harvesting fruits from ivory casket of
Tutankhamun 1327 BCE
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Dioscorides ca. 512, Aniciae Julianae Codex
Dioscorides receiving mandrake from the nymph
Epinoia (Discovery) for Krateuas to paint.
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Dioscorides ca. 512, Aniciae Julianae
Codex Krateuas painting mandrake
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Dioscorides ca. 512
10th C
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Hertensis 9th C
Pflanzenbuch 1500
Tacuinum Sanitatis15th C
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Fuchs 1543
Lobel 1576
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Aldrovandi 2nd half 16th C
Besler 1613
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Henbane(black, yellow, white)Dioscorides8th C
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Fuchs 1543
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Lobel 1576 (black, white, yellow henbane)
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Belladonna
Horae ad usum romanum15031508
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Fuchs 1543
Aldrovandi 2nd half 16th C
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Lobel 1576
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Nightshades(Nachtschatten)Dioscorides512
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Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, de herbis 13301340
Schöffer, Herbarius 1485
Horae ad usum romanum 15031508
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Fuchs 1543
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Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, de herbis 13301340
Livre des simples medecines Mid 15th C
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Eggplant
18th C
Sancai Tuhui mid 17th C
Hu Sihui 1330
Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao 1858
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Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, de herbis 13301340
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Tacuinum sanitatis
15th C
13851390
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Tacuinum sanitatis 13901400
Manuel des vertus vegetaux, animaux 1480
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Villa Farnesina ceiling festoons, RomaUdine
15151518
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Fuchs 1543
Aldrovandi 2nd half 16th C
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Besler 1613
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Dalechamp 1653
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Archimboldo Autumn 1573
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Pisa Cathedral 1601
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Alkekengi

• Dioscorides ca. 512

Dioscorides 7th C
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Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, de herbis 13301340
Bartholomaeus mini, tractatus de herbis 2nd half
of 15th C
Horae ad usum romanum15031508
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Fuchs 1543
Codex bellunensis 15th C
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Husk TomatoAldrovandi 16th C
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Besler 1613
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Hernandez 1651
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Downy Thornapple Old WorldDatura metel
Aldrovandi 2nd half 16th C
Ollinger 1553
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Still Leben mit Kurbissen ca. 1650
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Besler 1613
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Downy Thornapple Datura inoxiaFuchs 1543
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Jimsonweed Datura stramonium Florentine Codex
15401585
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Aldrovandi 2nd half 16th C
Dodoens 1608
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Besler 1613
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TomatoColumbia 900915 CEMcMeekin, 1992
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Fuchs unpubl. 15491556
Dodens 1553
Gessner unpubl. 1553
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Ollinger 1553
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Matthioli 1586
Dodoens 1574
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Pisa Cathedral 1601
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Besler 1613
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Capsicum Pepper
Peru 400500 CE
Mexico 5001500
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Mexico, Codex Mendoza 1542
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Codex Amphibiorum 1540
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Fuchs 1543
Capsicum chinense?
Capsicum annuum
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Ollinger 1553
Capsicum chinense?
Capsicum annuum
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Aldrovandi 16th century
Lobel 1576
Capsicum pubescens?
Capsicum annuum
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Pisa Cathedral 1601
Besler 1613
Capsicum baccatum?
Capsicum annuum
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Potato
Proto-Chimu period pre-columbian, 200 CE
Chimu period pre-columbian, 900
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Filipe Guaman Poma de Ayala 1615, Peru
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Plantin Collection 16th C
Gerarde 1597
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Clusius 1601
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Besler 1613
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Tobacco
Florentine Codex 15401585, Mexico
Badianus manuscript, 1552
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Fuchs unpubl. 15421565
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Lobel 1576
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Besler 1613
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Conclusions 1. Iconography and related texts
are a rich source of information on genetic
diversity, nomenclature, and uses. 2. New World
Solanaceae were eagerly acquired and described by
Renaissance herbalists, quickly adopted in
Southern Europe, and became major crops world
wide. 3. A paradox exists in that the harmless
species (eggplant, tomato, and potato) were
tainted with the malevolent properties of some
Old World Solanaceae (mandrake, henbane, and
belladonna) whereas tobacco, which poses a
world-wide health hazard, was considered a
panacea.
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Acknowledgements Libraries Missouri Botanical
Garden, Saint Louis Botanical Garden,
Berlin Natural History Museum, London BNF,
Museum National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris
Musée Ceccano Musée Requien,
Avignon Scientists G. van der Weerden, A.
Palloix, S. Knapp, L. Bohs, B. Schultz, H.S.
Paris Technical Help A. Whipkey, E.
Jullian