ADS-B at UND

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ADS-B at UND

• FIXED WING

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FIXED WING

• 600,000 FAA Grant Jun 2006 Jun 2008
• Evaluate effectiveness of ADS-B in collegiate
  flight training environmentfor future FAA
  policy and regulatory guidelines.

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ADS-B System
AK--Capstone
UND
ERAU
ERAU
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ERAUPrescott and Daytona Beach
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Traffic
Weather
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FAANotice of Proposed Rule Making (2007)

• ADS-B Out required for all operations in airspace
  that currently requires Mode C/3
• 2020 Implementation

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ADS-B Evaluation at UND
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TASK 1 EQUIP FLEET
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TASK 1 EQUIP FLEET
75 Training Aircraft
Grand Forks15 Do Not Equip
2 Decathlons
1 TopCub 1 C-150
11 Older Pipers
60 ADS-B Equipped total
52 FAA Grant 6
Helos 2 Warriors
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TASK 1 EQUIP FLEET
25 Avidyne Glass35 Analog
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Analog Aircraft Equipment Required

• GDL-90
• UAT and GPS Antennas
• GAE-43 Digital Encoder
• Garmin 430
• Garmin GMX-200

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Glass Aircraft Equipment Required

• GDL-90
• UAT and GPS Antennas
• GAE-43 DigitalEncoder
• Avidyne MFD
• Garmin 430

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Required Equipment
Mounting Bracket
GDL-90
GMX-200
GAE-43
UAT Antennas
GPS Antenna (COMDAT)
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Challenges

• No ADS-B software for Avidyne

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Inadequate panel space
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Challenges

• No approved installation procedure for Cirrus

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SR-20 Rack
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Target 2 Aircraft per month (total 2 years)
Actual 4 Aircraft per month (total 13 months)
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Average Installation Costs

• Analog 13,811 Equipment 2,657 Labor
  (43.5 man-hours) 16,468
• Glass 6,236 Equipment 1,548 Labor (25.3
  man-hours) 7,784

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TASK 2 Evaluate Impact

• Pilot Traffic Surveys
• Instructor Surveys
• Ops Manager Surveys
• Near Mid-Air Reports

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437ND
10/1/07
3
2
0

• Distributed to every crew during aircraft
  dispatch
• Guidance provided at monthly Flight Ops Meetings

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Pilot Survey Data
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Pilot Survey Data (traffic awareness survey
completed after every flight)
Traffic Awareness Survey Traffic Awareness Survey Traffic Awareness Survey Traffic Awareness Survey Traffic Awareness Survey Traffic Awareness Survey Traffic Awareness Survey
ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research
Month ADS-B/TIS-B ATC Neither Weather Total Surveys
December 43 77 86 3 206 83
January 858 2,305 1,955 22 5,118 1,948
February 1,579 3,268 2,784 61 7,631 2,578
March 3,020 2,474 2,013 130 7,507 1,998
April 4,290 3,760 3,143 140 11,193 3,058
May 2,728 1,971 1,646 101 6,345 1,925
June 2,997 2,246 2,330 169 7,573 2,122
July 1,970 1,124 1,130 85 4,224 1,323
August 536 516 444 35 1,496 578
September 646 756 655 37 2,057 635
October 480 530 478 35 1,488 529
November 368 242 164 22 774 297
17,074
Aircraft alertsdue to ADS-B
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ADS-B Equipped vs Non-ADS-B

• Research QuestionAre ADS-B equipped aircraft
  more aware of traffic than non-ADS-B equipped
  aircraft?ADS-B 4.78 .000Non-ADS-B 2.28 .
  000 2.50

MEAN
SIG
MORE AIRCRAFT PER FLIGHT
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ADS-B Equipped vs Non-ADS-B

• Research QuestionDo pilots of ADS-B aircraft
  see more aircraft with their eyeballs (w/o ADS-B
  or ATC assist)than pilots of non-ADS-B equipped
  aircraft?ADS-B .86 .000Non-ADS-B 1.03 .
  000 .17

MEAN
SIG
NO. ADS-B pilots actually see less with their
own eyeballs.Maybe because ADS-B already
detected the traffic before it got within visual
range?
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Pilot Survey Data
Research Question
LEARNING CURVE Did the number of aircraft seen by ADS-B pilots change significantly over time as pilots became more experienced with the equipment? LEARNING CURVE Did the number of aircraft seen by ADS-B pilots change significantly over time as pilots became more experienced with the equipment? LEARNING CURVE Did the number of aircraft seen by ADS-B pilots change significantly over time as pilots became more experienced with the equipment? LEARNING CURVE Did the number of aircraft seen by ADS-B pilots change significantly over time as pilots became more experienced with the equipment? LEARNING CURVE Did the number of aircraft seen by ADS-B pilots change significantly over time as pilots became more experienced with the equipment? LEARNING CURVE Did the number of aircraft seen by ADS-B pilots change significantly over time as pilots became more experienced with the equipment? LEARNING CURVE Did the number of aircraft seen by ADS-B pilots change significantly over time as pilots became more experienced with the equipment?

Month ADS-B/TIS-B ATC Neither Weather Total Surveys
December 43 77 86 3 206 83
January 858 2,305 1,955 22 5,118 1,948
February 1,579 3,268 2,784 61 7,631 2,578
March 3,020 2,474 2,013 130 7,507 1,998
April 4,290 3,760 3,143 140 11,193 3,058
May 2,728 1,971 1,646 101 6,446 1,925
June 2,997 2,246 2,330 169 7,742 2,122
July 1,970 1,124 1,130 85 4,309 1,323
August 536 516 444 35 1,531 578
September 646 756 655 37 2,094 635
October  
November            
NO---ADS-B pilots saw approx 2.5 aircraft per
flight with ADS-B throughout the survey period.

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NEW SURVEY
405ND
10/3/07
2
1
1
0
1
0

• More immediate threat (within 3nm)
• Maneuver to avoid

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New Survey(Documenting potential
NMACs---traffic w/in 3 NM)
Traffic Avoidance Survey Traffic Avoidance Survey Traffic Avoidance Survey Traffic Avoidance Survey Traffic Avoidance Survey Traffic Avoidance Survey Traffic Avoidance Survey Traffic Avoidance Survey Traffic Avoidance Survey Traffic Avoidance Survey
ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research ADS-B Research
Month Visually Acquired Visually Acquired Visually Acquired Visually Acquired Maneuvered Maneuvered Maneuvered Maneuvered Surveys
Month ADS-B/TIS-B ATC Neither Total ADS-B/TIS-B ATC Neither Total Surveys
June 0 19 20 39 0 1 0 1 22
July 272 331 395 998 26 30 45 101 460
August 544 598 650 1,792 44 58 82 184 769
September 978 1,971 1,960 4,909 91 201 176 468 1,686
October 1,155 1,942 1,954 5,051 111 183 201 495 2,138
November 952 1,120 1,088 3,160 71 98 91 260 1,424
December 50 52 43 145 11 5 6 22 70
February 728 525 534 1,787 64 48 40 152 601
March 593 413 422 1,428 55 26 35 116 487
April 693 504 515 1,712 56 32 32 120 520
Maneuvered to avoid immediate conflict
Visually acquired w/in 3 NM due to ADS-B
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Research Question Is one ADS-B display better
than the other?
YES
Pilots see twice as many aircraft with
GMX-200 vs Garmin 430 alone
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ADS-B INSTRUCTOR SURVEY

NAME (optional) 1. How comfortable are you with
using ADS-B equipment and information in
flight? Not at All Minimally Adequately Very
Perfectly2. How has ADS-B improved your
overall in flight traffic awareness? Not at
All Minimally Considerably Significantly
Tremendously 3. How has ADS-B affected your
overall scanning diligence? (Do you scan for
traffic more or less than before?)Considerably
Less Somewhat Less The Same Somewhat
More Considerably More 4. How much has
ADS-B improved overall training efficiency
(practice area selection, choice of satellite
airports, departure and arrival routing,
etc)? Not at All Minimally Considerably
Significantly Tremendously 5. How often have
you maneuvered the aircraft in response to ADS-B
information to resolve an immediate conflict with
another aircraft? Never Once or Twice 3 to 6
Times 7 to 10 Times More than 10 Times Do
you have any general comments regarding ADS-B?
(Please write on the back). THANK YOU.
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Other Concerns

• Ghost Traffic
• Fault Messages (fixed with software updates)
• Traffic Warnings

Own Aircraft
430
GMX-200
Another aircraft
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Ops Managers and SOFs
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CRABS SCREEN
Comprehensive Real-time Analysis of Broadcast
SystemJohns Hopkins Institute
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MANAGER ON DUTY (MOD) ADS-B Survey Name__________
_______________ 1. How many months have you
been a MOD? 0-3 Months 4-6
Months 7-12 Months 13-24 Months
24 Months 2. How many times during an average
6-hour duty period do you use information
displayed on the CRABS screen located behind the
SOF desk in performance of your assigned duties?
Never Occasionally Frequently
0 1-3 times 4 or more
times 3. How many times during an average
6-hour duty period do you use CRABS information
to determine the location of a specific
aircraft? Never Occasionally Frequently
0 1-3
times 4 or more times 4. How many times have
you used CRABS information to locate an overdue
or missing aircraft? Never Once 2
to 3 times 4 to 5 times More
than 5 times 5. How many times have you used
CRABS information to make critical weather
decisions? Never Once 2 to 3 times
4 to 5 times More than 5 times
6. How many times have you used CRABS
information to coordinate ground services
(maintenance, VIP arrival, quick turns, etc)?
Never Once 2 to 3 times 4 to
5 times More than 5 times 7. How much
has CRABS information improved your ability to
perform your MOD duties? Not at
all Minimally Considerably Significantly
Tremendously
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ADS-B Impact on Managers

• Duty Performance 50 Considerable
  Improvement (or better)
• Most Frequent Use Monitor traffic at satellite
  airports
• Most Critical Use Fleet Recall, Locate Missing
  Aircraft

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Impact onNMAC ReportRate

• Pre-ADS-B 30.2 (per 100,000 hrs)
• Post-ADS-B 65.7 53.7 after correcting for
• 
  ADS-B assistVoluntary, Increased
  emphasis

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Future Initiatives

• Additional CRABS screens Will they be compatible
  with ITT infrastructure?
• ADS-B Podcast
• Time lapse study

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A very useful tool. I feel blind flying
without it. ADS-B rocks!
The End
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What is ADS-B

• New, high technology equipment to enhance pilot
  awareness -- traffic --weather
• Provide radar-likeinformationto ATC

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How it works Change this picture with the
graphic ASN develops for the podcast
GBT
RADAR
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Antennas
GPS
UAT
UAT
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Display Comparisons
Garmin GMX-200 / MX-20 Garmin GMX-200 / MX-20 Garmin GMX-200 / MX-20 Garmin GMX-200 / MX-20 Garmin GMX-200 / MX-20 Garmin GMX-200 / MX-20 Garmin GMX-200 / MX-20 Garmin GMX-200 / MX-20 Garmin GMX-200 / MX-20 Garmin GMX-200 / MX-20
Month Visually Acquired Visually Acquired Visually Acquired Visually Acquired Maneuvered Maneuvered Maneuvered Maneuvered Surveys
Month ADS-B/TIS-B ATC Neither Total ADS-B/TIS-B ATC Neither Total Surveys
October 861 658 641 2,160 88 60 76 224 719
November 761 466 432 1,659 61 42 36 139 611
Total 1,622 1,124 1,073 3,819 149 102 112 363 1,330
GMX-200 Vs Garmin 430
Garmin GNS-430 Garmin GNS-430 Garmin GNS-430 Garmin GNS-430 Garmin GNS-430 Garmin GNS-430 Garmin GNS-430 Garmin GNS-430 Garmin GNS-430 Garmin GNS-430
Month Visually Acquired Visually Acquired Visually Acquired Visually Acquired Maneuvered Maneuvered Maneuvered Maneuvered Surveys
Month ADS-B/TIS-B ATC Neither Total ADS-B/TIS-B ATC Neither Total Surveys
October 288 526 521 1,335 23 61 60 144 580
November 191 345 341 877 10 31 29 70 410
Total 479 871 862 2,212 33 92 89 214 990
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Display Comparison