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Qualitative research process

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Epistemology. Method. Positivist/postpositivist and qualitative ... Epistemology. Method. A qualitative research design: triangulation as a validity tool ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Qualitative research process


1
Qualitative research process
  • M.H. Forouzanfar
  • forouzan_at_tums.ac.ir

2
Positivist/postpositivist and qualitative
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Positivist and post positivist tradition
  • Good positivist with less rigorous methods
  • Quasi statistics
  • Should be objective
  • Tales that often reflect eth. Attitude, beliefs
    and values
  • Ethn. Four commitments

3
Positivist/postpositivist and qualitative
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Ethn. Four commitments
  • Commitment to objectivism
  • Complicity with imperialism
  • Monumentalism
  • Timelessness

4
Positivist/postpositivist and qualitative
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Interpretive paradigms
  • Constructivism
  • Pluralism not relativism
  • Circular dynamic tension
  • Critical
  • Effect of power, control and ideology
  • Reality is representational not real or
    truth
  • feminist

5
What/ HowWhy/how manymuchoften
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • What
  • What is happening?
  • What are people doing?
  • What does it mean to them?
  • How
  • How meaning is constructed?
  • How are the realities accomplished?

6
What/ HowWhy/how manymuchoften
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Why
  • Cause and effect
  • Generalization
  • How manymuch
  • Ask for quantity
  • Explain and predict

7
Formulate the question
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • How do researchers formulate the question?
  • What is a good research question?
  • How does one get research idea?
  • Philosophical assumptions.
  • Personal experience
  • Particular article
  • Economic and time constraints
  • Available funding or opportunity
  • Choosing method
  • Literature review
  • Not much
  • At multiple points

8
Research design
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • What theoretical tradition characterize my
    research problem, interpretation? Critical
    theory? Positivism? What?

9
Positivist research design
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Deductionism
  • Cause and effect
  • Unit of analysis who? what?
  • Hypothesis
  • Measuring
  • Operationalization
  • Questions and scales

10
Positivist research design
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity, reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Knowledge is a reflection of reality
  • Predictive validity
  • Construct valisity
  • Reliability
  • Unreliability lack of good set up, not to the
    substance of measure
  • Less consistencies, sacrifice validity
  • Sampling
  • Random sampling, statistics and sample size

11
A qualitative research design
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Standpoint
  • Point of view, from inside
  • Feminist standpoint
  • No measures

12
A qualitative research design validity
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Correspondence to truth does not work
  • Survival against falsification attempts
  • Subjecting ones findings to competing claims
  • What are the factors that make you resonate with
    findings
  • Does the researcher captured the understanding of
    subjects?

13
A qualitative research design validity in
craftsmanship
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Perceive credibility of researcher and research
  • How well the research has been investigated and
    checked
  • Negative case analysis
  • Going out of the way to provide alternative
    theoretical explanations
  • Ability to theorize

14
A qualitative research designcommunicative
validity
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Dialogue between legitimate knowers
  • Is the interpretation of a given finding open to
    discussion and refutation?
  • Even with interviewees

15
A qualitative research designpragmatic validity
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • The extent to which research findings impact
  • Those studied
  • Certain action outcomes

16
A qualitative research designtriangulation as a
validity tool
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Using two different methods
  • Two different methods
  • Different perspectives (theoretical
    triangulation)
  • Data source (data triangulation)
  • Different investigators (investigator
    triangulation)

17
A qualitative research design validity
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Validity
  • A process, earning confidence of reader
  • Getting its right
  • Trustworthiness instead of truth
  • How can the researcher persuade the audience?
  • Guidelines

18
A qualitative research designreliability
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Checklist
  • Is the researcher relationship with the group
    fully described
  • Is all field documents comprehensive, cross
    referenced, annotated and rigorously detailed
  • Using multiple means?
  • Documenting interviewer training?
  • Is construction, planning and testing of all
    instruments documented?
  • Are key informants fully described?
  • Are sampling techniques fully documented

19
A qualitative research designsampling
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Sampling
  • Not to make generalization
  • Purposive or judgment samples
  • Homogeneous sample
  • Opportunistic sampling
  • Convenience sampling
  • Theoretical sampling
  • Theoretical saturation or data adequacy
  • It is the implicit that is interesting

20
A qualitative research designsampling
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Sampling
  • Cohesive sample
  • Saturation quicker in theoretical sampling
  • Snowball
  • Random
  • Until each negative case perspective is saturated
  • Saturated data are rich, full and complete with
    good resulting theory without gaps

21
A qualitative research designdynamic dance
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance

Step 1 define research problem Step 2
literature review Step3 hypothesis
formulation Step 4 research design Step 5
instrument and sampling Step 6 data
collection Step7 data analysis Step 8
conclusion Step 9 revise hypothesis
  • Quantitative

22
A qualitative research design dynamic dance
  • Paradigms
  • Research question
  • Driving a RQ
  • Research design
  • Positivist RD
  • Validity reliability
  • Sampling
  • A qualitative RD
  • Validity
  • V in craftsmanship
  • Communicative V
  • Pragmatic V
  • Triangulation
  • Reliability
  • R checklist
  • Sampling
  • Dynamic dance
  • Differences
  • Philosophical substructure
  • Dynamic interaction between research problem and
    literature
  • Analytical interaction
  • Iterative process between data collection and
    analysis and theory generation
  • No right dance
  • No set routine
  • Must be open to discovery
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