Prostate Cancer - Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors, Treatment

1
Prostate Cancer

• Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors,
  Treatment

2
Definition

• Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the
  prostate. The prostate is a small walnut-shaped
  gland in males that produces the seminal fluid
  that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate
  cancer is one of the most common types of cancer.

3
Symptoms

• Symptoms of prostate cancer can include
• needing to pee more frequently, often during the
  night
• needing to rush to the toilet
• difficulty in starting to pee (hesitancy)
• straining or taking a long time while peeing
• weak flow
• feeling that your bladder has not emptied fully
• blood in urine or blood in semen

4
causes

• It's not known exactly what causes prostate
  cancer, although several things can increase your
  risk of developing the condition.
• These include
• age the risk rises as you get older, and most
  cases are diagnosed in men over 50 years of age
• ethnic group prostate cancer is more common
  among men of African-Caribbean and African
  descent than in Asian men
• family history having a brother or father who
  developed prostate cancer before age 60 seems to
  increase your risk of developing it research
  also shows that having a close female relative
  who developed breast cancer may also increase
  your risk of developing prostate cancer

5

• obesity recent research suggests there may be a
  link between obesity and prostate cancer, and a
  balanced diet and regular exercise may lower your
  risk of developing prostate cancer
• diet research is ongoing into the links between
  diet and prostate cancer, and there is some
  evidence that a diet high in calcium is linked to
  an increased risk of developing prostate cancer

6
Risk factors

• Age. The risk of prostate cancer increases with
  age, especially after age 50. Around 60 of
  prostate cancers are diagnosed in people who are
  65 or older. Older adults who are diagnosed with
  prostate cancer can face unique challenges,
  specifically regarding cancer treatment.
• Race. Black men in the United States, and other
  men of African ancestry, are diagnosed with
  prostate cancer more than men of other races.
  Black men are more likely to die from prostate
  cancer than white men.
• North American or northern European
  location. Prostate cancer occurs most often in
  North America and northern Europe. It also
  appears that prostate cancer is increasing among
  Asian people living in urbanized environments,
  such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and North American
  and European cities, particularly among those who
  have a lifestyle with less physical activity and
  a less healthy diet.

7

• Family history. Prostate cancer that runs in a
  family, called familial prostate cancer, makes up
  about 20 of all prostate cancers. This type of
  prostate cancer develops because of a combination
  of shared genes and shared environmental or
  lifestyle factors.
• Hereditary prostate cancer, which is inheriting
  the risk from a relative, is rare and accounts
  for about 5 of all cases. Hereditary prostate
  cancer occurs when changes in genes, or
  mutations, are passed down within a family from 1
  generation to the next. Hereditary prostate
  cancer may be suspected if a family history
  includes any of the following characteristics
• 3 or more first-degree relatives with prostate
  cancer
• Prostate cancer in 3 generations on the same side
  of the family
• 2 or more close relatives, such as a parent,
  sibling, child, grandparent, uncle, or nephew, on
  the same side of the family diagnosed with
  prostate cancer before age 55

8

• If someone has a first-degree relativemeaning a
  parent, sibling, or childwith prostate cancer,
  their risk of developing prostate cancer is 2 to
  3 times higher than the average risk. This risk
  increases even further with the number of
  relatives diagnosed with prostate cancer.
• Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC)
  syndrome. HBOC is associated with germline, or
  inherited, DNA-repair mutations to
  the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes. BRCA stands for
  BReast CAncer. HBOC is most associated with an
  increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers in
  women. However, people with HBOC also have an
  increased risk of developing breast cancer and a
  more aggressive form of prostate cancer.
  Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are
  thought to cause only a small percentage of
  inherited prostate cancers. Those who
  have BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations should consider
  screening for prostate cancer at an earlier age.
  Genetic testing may only be appropriate for
  families with prostate cancer that may also have
  HBOC. If you are concerned about this based on
  your own family history, please talk with a
  genetic counselor or doctor for more information.

9
Treatment

• Treatment for prostate cancer will depend on your
  individual circumstances. For many men with
  prostate cancer, no treatment will be necessary.
• When treatment is necessary, the aim is to cure
  or control the disease, so it affects everyday
  life as little as possible and does not shorten
  life expectancy.
• Sometimes, if the cancer has already spread, the
  aim is not to cure it but to prolong life and
  delay symptoms.

10
Ways to treatment

• Decisions about your treatment
• Active surveillance and watchful waiting
• Surgery for prostate cancer
• Hormone therapy
• Radiotherapy
• Treatment as part of a clinical trial
• Treatment if your prostate cancer comes back
• Follow up

11
Thank You