RRESEARCH SUPPORT

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SUPPORT OF OTHER INSTITUTIOS TO PHYTOSANITORY
SERVICE OF ETHIOPIA

• TEKLU BAISSA
• MoA
• NPQS

Jan. , 2021 //////, Adama
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OUTLINE

• Introduction
• International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
• National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO)
• Provisions of IPPC to NPPO
• Support areas to NPPO

3
Introduction

• Quarantine means an official confinement of
  regulated articles for observation and research
  or for further inspection, testing and/or
  treatment (PQ Decree)
• All activities designed to prevent the
  introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests or
  to ensure their official control FAO, 1990
  revised FAO, 1995

4
Introduction

• Regulated pest means a quarantine pest or a
  regulated non-quarantine pest IPPC, 1997
• Regulated article means Any plant, plant product,
  storage place, packaging, conveyance, container,
  soil and any other organism, object or material
  capable of harbouring or spreading pests, deemed
  to require phytosanitary measures, particularly
  where international transportation is involved
  FAO, 1990 revised FAO, 1995 IPPC, 1997
• Phytosanitary measure means any legislation,
  regulation or official procedure having the
  purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread
  of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic
  impact of regulated non-quarantine pests (PQ
  Regulation)

5
Introduction
What qualifies What qualifies What qualifies
Defining criteria Quarantine pest RN Quarantine pest
Pest status Absent or of limited distribution Present may be widely distributed
Economic impact Impact is predicted Impact is known
Pathway Phytosanitary measure for all pathways Phytosanitory measures only on plants for planting
Official control Under official control if present with the aim of eradication or containment Under official control with the respect to the specified plants for planting with the aim of suppression
6
Introduction

• INTRODUCTION OF NEW PLANT PESTS
• Invasion and the establishment of empires spread
  cultivated plants within the ancient empires of
  the Middle East, the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans
• The establishment of trade routes as a result of
  surplus production and/or absence of certain
  crops
• (China, South-East Asia and the Middle East and
  East Africa) facilitated the transport of crops
  such as rice, sugarcane, soybean and bananas,
  together with their attendant pests
• The silk route established between Asia and Europe

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Introduction

• Movement of people, particularly with the
  development of mass tourism during the past few
  decades
• Collection of food plants, seeds of ornamentals
  by specialist collectors without any tests of
  presence of pests
• Use of containers have facilitated the handling
  of plants, and the introduction of refrigeration
  make conditions suitable for survival of pests
• Increased rapidity of long-distance transport of
  plants
• Not only through trade but also with war
  Camouflaging with plants and plant parts during
  war

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Concept of Quarantine

• Ancient
• An early mention of isolation occurs in the
  Biblical book of Leviticus Articl 13 (2-6),
  written in the 7th century BC or perhaps earlier,
  which describes the procedure for separating out
  infected people to prevent the spread of disease
  under the Mosaic Law
• If the shiny spot on the skin is white but does
  not appear to be more than skin deep and the hair
  in it has not turned white, the priest is to
  isolate the affected person for seven days.
• On the seventh day, the priest is to examine him,
  and if he sees that the sore is unchanged and has
  not spread in the skin, he is to isolate him for
  another seven days.

9

• Medieval Islamic worldedit
• Ibn Sina also recommended quarantine for patients
  with infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis.
  10
• The mandatory hospital quarantine of special
  groups of patients, including those with leprosy,
  started early in Islamic history.11 Between 706
  and 707 the sixth Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I built
  the first hospital in Damascus and issued an
  order to isolate those infected with leprosy from
  other patients in the hospital.1213 The
  practice of mandatory quarantine of leprosy in
  general hospitals continued until the year 1431,
  when the Ottomans built a leprosy hospital
  in Edirne. Incidents of quarantine occurred
  throughout the Muslim world, with evidence of
  voluntary community quarantine in some of these
  reported incidents. The first documented
  involuntary community quarantine was established
  by the Ottoman quarantine reform in 1838.14

10

• Medieval Europeedit
• The word "quarantine" originates from quarantena,
  the Venetian language form, meaning "forty
  days".153 This is due to the 40-day isolation
  of ships and people practised as a measure of
  disease prevention related to the plague.15 Betw
  een 1348 and 1359, the Black Death wiped out an
  estimated 30 of Europe's population, and a
  significant percentage of Asia's
  population.15 Such a disaster led governments
  to establish measures of containment to handle
  recurrent epidemics.15 A document from 1377
  states that before entering the city-state
  of Ragusa in Dalmatia (modern Dubrovnik in
  Croatia), newcomers had to spend 30 days
  (a trentine) in a restricted place (originally
  nearby islands) waiting to see whether the
  symptoms of Black Death would develop.15 In
  1448 the Venetian Senate prolonged the waiting
  period to 40 days, thus giving birth to the term
  "quarantine".1 The forty-day quarantine proved
  to be an effective formula for handling outbreaks
  of the plague. Dubrovnik was the first city in
  Europe to set up quarantine sites such as
  the Lazzarettos of Dubrovnik where arriving ship
  personnel were held for up to 40
  days.16 According to current estimates, the
  bubonic plague had a 37-day period from infection
  to death therefore, the European quarantines
  would have been highly successful in determining
  the health of crews from potential trading and
  supply ships.17

11

• Other diseases lent themselves to the practice of
  quarantine before and after the devastation of
  the plague. Those afflicted with leprosy were
  historically isolated long-term from society, and
  attempts were made to check the spread
  of syphilis in northern Europe after 1492, the
  advent of yellow fever in Spain at the beginning
  of the 19th century, and the arrival of
  Asiatic cholera in 1831.
• Venice took the lead in measures to check the
  spread of plague, having appointed three
  guardians of public health in the first years of
  the Black Death (1348).18 The next record of
  preventive measures comes from Reggio/Modena in
  1374. Venice founded the first lazaret (on a
  small island adjoining the city) in 1403. In
  1467 Genoa followed the example of Venice, and in
  1476 the old leper hospital of Marseille was
  converted into a plague hospital. The great
  lazaret of Marseille, perhaps the most complete
  of its kind, was founded in 1526 on the island
  of Pomègues. The practice at all the
  Mediterranean lazarets did not differ from the
  English procedure in the Levantine and North
  African trade. On the arrival of cholera in 1831
  some new lazarets were set up at western ports,
  notably a very extensive establishment
  near Bordeaux, afterward turned to another use.

12

• The concept of 'quarantine' is embedded in health
  practices, attracting heightened interest during
  episodes of epidemics. The term is strictly
  related to plague and dates back to 1377, when
  the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa (then
  belonging to the Venetian Republic) officially
  issued a 30-day isolation period for ships, that
  became 40 days for land travellers. During the
  next 100 years similar laws were introduced in
  Italian and in French ports, and they gradually
  acquired other connotations with respect to their
  original implementation. Measures analogous to
  those employed against the plague have been
  adopted to fight against the disease termed the
  Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in
  recent times various countries have set up
  official entities for the identification and
  control of infections. Even more recently (2003)
  the proposal of the constitution of a new
  European monitoring, regulatory and research
  institution has been made, since the already
  available system of surveillance has found an
  enormous challenge in the global emergency of the
  severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In the
  absence of a targeted vaccine, general preventive
  interventions have to be relied upon, including
  high healthcare surveillance and public
  information. Quarantine has, therefore, had a
  rebound of celebrity and updated evidence
  strongly suggests that its basic concept is still
  fully valid.

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• Modern historyedit
• The quarantine ship Rhin, at large in Sheerness.
  Source National Maritime Museum of Greenwich,
  London
• Epidemics of yellow fever ravaged urban
  communities in North America throughout the
  late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries,
  the best-known examples being the 1793
  Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic19 and
  outbreaks in Georgia (1856) and Florida
  (1888).20 Cholera and smallpox epidemics
  continued throughout the nineteenth century, and
  plague epidemics affected Honolulu21 and San
  Francisco from 1899 until 1901.22 State
  governments generally relied on the cordon
  sanitaire as a geographic quarantine measure to
  control the movement of people into and out of
  affected communities. During the 1918
  influenza pandemic, some communities
  instituted protective sequestration (sometimes
  referred to as "reverse quarantine") to keep the
  infected from introducing influenza into healthy
  populations.23 Most Western countries
  implemented a range of containment strategies,
  including isolation, surveillance, and the
  closure of schools, churches, theatres, and
  public events. 24
• Isolating a village in Romania whose inhabitants
  believe that doctors poison those suspected of
  cholera (1911)
• By the middle of the 19th century, the Ottoman
  Empire had established quarantine stations,
  including in Anatolia and the Balkans. For
  example, at the port of Izmir, all ships and
  their cargo would be inspected and those
  suspected of carrying the plague would be towed
  to separate docks and their personnel housed in
  separate buildings for a determined period of
  time. In Thessaly, along the Greek-Turkish
  border, all travelers entering and exiting the
  Ottoman Empire would be quarantined for 915
  days. Upon the appearance of the plague, the
  quarantine stations would be militarised and
  the Ottoman army would be involved in border
  control and disease monitoring.25

15

• International conventions 18521927edit
• Since 1852 several conferences were held
  involving European powers, with a view to uniform
  action in keeping out the infection from the East
  and preventing its spread within Europe. All but
  that of 1897 were concerned with cholera. No
  result came of those at Paris (1852),
  Constantinople (1866), Vienna (1874), and Rome
  (1885), but each of the doctrine of the
  subsequent one of constructive infection of a
  ship as coming from a scheduled port, and an
  approximation to the principles advocated by
  Great Britain for many years. The principal
  countries which retained the old system at the
  time were Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Greece, and
  Russia (the British possessions at the time,
  Gibraltar, Malta, and Cyprus, being under the
  same influence). The aim of each international
  sanitary convention had been to bind the
  governments to a uniform minimum of preventive
  action, with further restrictions permissible to
  individual countries. The minimum specified by
  international conventions was very nearly the
  same as the British practice, which had been in
  turn adapted to continental opinion in the matter
  of the importation of rags.
• The Venice convention of 30 January 1892 dealt
  with cholera by the Suez Canal route that of
  Dresden of 15 April 1893, with cholera within
  European countries that of Paris of 3 April
  1894, with cholera by the pilgrim traffic and
  that of Venice, on 19 March 1897, was in
  connection with the outbreak of plague in the
  East, and the conference met to settle on an
  international basis the steps to be taken to
  prevent, if possible, its spread into Europe. An
  additional convention was signed in Paris on 3
  December 1903.26

16

• A multilateral international sanitary convention
  was concluded at Paris on 17 January
  1912.27 This convention was most comprehensive
  and was designated to replace all previous
  conventions on that matter. It was signed by 40
  countries and consisted of 160 articles.
  Ratifications by 16 of the signatories were
  exchanged in Paris on 7 October 1920. Another
  multilateral convention was signed in Paris on 21
  June 1926, to replace that of 1912. It was signed
  by 58 countries worldwide and consisted of 172
  articles.28
• In Latin America, a series of regional sanitary
  conventions were concluded. Such a convention was
  concluded in Rio de Janeiro on 12 June 1904. A
  sanitary convention between the governments of
  Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay was
  concluded in Montevideo on 21 April 1914.29 The
  convention covers cases of Asiatic
  cholera, oriental plague and yellow fever. It was
  ratified by the Uruguayan government on 13
  October 1914, by the Paraguayan government on 27
  September 1917 and by the Brazilian government on
  18 January 1921.
• Sanitary conventions were also concluded between
  European states. A Soviet-Latvian sanitary
  convention was signed on 24 June 1922, for which
  ratifications were exchanged on 18 October
  1923.30 A bilateral sanitary convention was
  concluded between the governments of Latvia and
  Poland on 7 July 1922, for which ratifications
  were exchanged on 7 April 1925.31 Another was
  concluded between the governments of Germany and
  Poland in Dresden on 18 December 1922, and
  entered into effect on 15 February
  1923.32 Another one was signed between the
  governments of Poland and Romania on 20 December
  1922. Ratifications were exchanged on 11 July
  1923.33 The Polish government also concluded
  such a convention with the Soviet government on 7
  February 1923, for which ratifications were
  exchanged on 8 January 1924.34 A sanitary
  convention was also concluded between the
  governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia on 5
  September 1925, for which ratifications were
  exchanged on 22 October 1926.35 A convention
  was signed between the governments of Germany and
  Latvia on 9 July 1926, for which ratifications
  were exchanged on 6 July 1927.36

17

• One of the first points to be dealt with in 1897
  was to settle the incubation period for this
  disease, and the period to be adopted for
  administrative purposes. It was admitted that the
  incubation period was, as a rule, a comparatively
  short one, namely, of some three or four days.
  After much discussion, ten days was accepted by a
  very large majority. The principle of disease
  notification was unanimously adopted. Each
  government had to notify to other governments on
  the existence of plague within their several
  jurisdictions and at the same time state the
  measures of prevention that are being carried out
  to prevent its diffusion. The area deemed to be
  infected was limited to the actual district or
  village where the disease prevailed, and no
  locality was deemed to be infected merely because
  of the importation into it of a few cases of
  plague while there has been no diffusion of the
  malady. As regards the precautions to be taken on
  land frontiers, it was decided that during the
  prevalence of plague every country had the
  inherent right to close its land frontiers
  against traffic. As regards the Red Sea, it was
  decided after discussion that a healthy vessel
  could pass through the Suez Canal, and continue
  its voyage in the Mediterranean during the period
  of incubation of the disease the prevention of
  which is in question. It was also agreed that
  vessels passing through the Canal in quarantine
  might, subject to the use of the electric light,
  coal in quarantine at Port Said by night as well
  as by day and that passengers might embark in
  quarantine at that port. Infected vessels, if
  these carry a doctor and are provided with a
  disinfecting stove, have a right to navigate the
  Canal, in quarantine, subject only to the landing
  of those who were suffering from the plague.
• In the 20th and 21st centuries, people suspected
  of carrying infectious diseases have been
  quarantined, as in the cases of Andrew
  Speaker (multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2007)
  and Kaci Hickox (Ebola, 2014). During the 195758
  influenza pandemic and the 1968 flu pandemic,
  several countries implemented measures to control
  the spread of the disease. In addition, the World
  Health Organization applied a global influenza
  surveillance network.37
• During the 1994 plague in India, many people were
  quarantined. Vessels and aircraft carrying
  passengers were fumigated.38 39
• In the SARS epidemic, thousands of Chinese people
  were quarantined and checkpoints to take
  temperatures were set up.40
• Moving infected patients to isolation wards and
  home-based self-quarantine of people potentially
  exposed was the main way the Western African
  Ebola virus epidemic was ended in 2016 members
  of the 8th WHO Emergency Committee criticized
  international travel restrictions imposed during
  the epidemic as ineffective due to difficulty of
  enforcement, and counterproductive as they slowed
  down aid efforts.41

18

• The People's Republic of China has employed mass
  quarantines firstly of the city of Wuhan and
  subsequently of all of Hubei province (population
  55.5 million) in the COVID-19 pandemic. After
  few weeks, the Italian government
  imposed lockdowns in all the country (more than
  60 million people) to stop the coronavirus
  pandemic. Also during the COVID-19
  pandemic, India quarantined itself from the world
  for a period of one month4243 Most
  governments around the world restricted or
  advised against all non-essential travel to and
  from countries and areas affected by the
  outbreak.44 By late 2020, the virus had already
  spread within communities in large parts of the
  world, with many not knowing where or how they
  were infected.45

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Plant Quarantine

• In 1660, a quarantine law was enacted in Rouen,
  France, ordering the eradication of barberry
  plants from the vicinity of grain fields. The
  first British legislation against a disease in
  animals or plants was an Act of 1866 granting
  emergency powers for the destruction of all
  cattle affected by rinderpest which had been
  introduced into Britain by imported Russian
  cattle the previous year.

21
Concept ..

• An embargo was passed in Germany to prevent
  importation of plant and plant products from the
  US to prevent the introduction of the Colorado
  potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) in
  1873. In 1877, the United Kingdom Destructive
  Insects Act was passed to prevent the importation
  of the Colorado beetle.

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Science ..
23

• In North America, the first legislative measures
  against plant disease were promulgated by states
  in 1875. Such measures included a series of laws
  against peach yellows. 
• In 1891, the first plant quarantine measure was
  initiated in US by setting up a seaport
  inspection station at San Padro, California. 
• In 1912, the US Congress enacted the
  Federal Plant Quarantine Act, which among other
  things, prohibits the entry of plants into the
  United States.

24

• It was phylloxera gall louse (Phylloxera
  vastatrix) that provided the initial stimulus for
  the establishment of effective international
  cooperation on plant disease legislation. The
  aphid was introduced into Europe from America in
  1865 and caused major losses in the vineyards of
  France.

25
Science ..

• The grape phylloxera, a tiny aphid-like insect,
  feeds on the roots and leaves of grapevines. It
  is native to US and all American grapes are
  resistant to the pest
• It had been introduced to France on grape
  cuttings from the United States in 1859, for the
  purpose of solving problem of powdery mildew
  disease as the US grapes are resistant
• The pest was established and became serious
  problem. By 1900, 2/3 of all European vineyards
  had been destroyed

26
Phylloxera world distribution
Science ..
27

• The first international plant protection
  convention, the Phylloxera convention was signed
  at Berne on 3 November 1881 by five
  countries. This convention remained in force till
  1951, when International Plant Protection
  Convention under FAO was established at Rome.
  This agreement was constituted with the purpose
  of securing common and effective action to
  prevent the introduction and spread of pests and
  diseases of plants and plant products.

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Concept ..
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Concept ..
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Concept ..
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Science and early regulatory plant protection

• Prior to the 1800s, decisions were largely based
  on only a crude understanding of how pests
  affected plant health however, the 1800s began a
  time of scientific exploration, particularly in
  the field of natural biology.
• Countries began putting in place specific laws to
  prevent the entry or spread of exotic pests.
• Most of these laws came about due to the
  introduction and/or spread of just a few key
  pests like the Colorado potato beetle and grape
  phylloxera.

33
Science ..

• As a result of the devastating losses to the wine
  industry, countries became aware of the need to
  prevent the spread of this pest.
• Representatives of Austria, France, Germany,
  Italy, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland gathered
  in BERNE Switzerland
• The first International Convention on Measures
  to be Taken against Phylloxera vastatrix, signed
  on 17 September, 1878

34
Science ..

• Contents of the Convention
• The responsibility to give an official written
  assurance on the Phylloxera-free (i.e. pest-free)
  provenance of host material being traded
  internationally
• The prohibition of international trade in certain
  kinds of material that might spread the pest
• The designation of official bureau responsible
  for administering such trade
• Powers to inspect traded material and to take
  remedial action on items not complying with the
  requirements of the Convention
• The prompt exchange of relevant information,
  particularly on new outbreaks and
• That all these measures were to be embodied in
  national law by the participating countries
• Convention revised in 1881 and 1889 signed in
  Berne
• Embodied many of the principles that are
  recognized today in IPPC

35
The first broad national phytosanitary laws

• Several countries all over the world began to
  enact broad laws for plant protection and
  establish national plant protection services
  responsible for exercising those laws.
• In 1887, Great Britain passed the Destructive
  Insects Act and established a Board of
  Agriculture.
• In 1899, the Netherlands established a national
  plant protection service whose purpose was to
  prevent the introduction of new pests.
• France and Germany also passed similar laws
  restricting the movement of nursery stock and
  fresh fruits.

36
Broad

• Canada passed the San Jose Scale Act in 1898
  after the pest was introduced into California,
  and then later passed the Destructive Insects and
  Pests Act in 1910, to prevent entry and spread of
  pests.
• The act was to limit importations into Canada to
  certain seasons of the year, presumably as a
  measure to reduce the risk of pest establishment.

37
International Cooperation Finding Solutions
Through Mutual Interests

• Development of internationally coordinated plant
  protection regulations and scientific research
  were given due attention (phylloxera into Europe
  other pests into the USA)
• In the late 1800s, scientists all over the world
  recognized the need to exchange scientific
  information about pests, particularly with
  respect to control and prevention of those pests.

38
International Cooperation

• In 1891, a Swedish botanist named Jacob Eriksson
  called attention to the need for international
  cooperation to prevent the spread of pests at the
  International Congress for Agriculture and
  Forestry meeting at The Hague.
• He continued his efforts, and in 1903 he
  presented the cause again to the International
  Congress, meeting in Rome (Ebbels, 2003)

39
International Cooperation

• Around the same time, an American named David
  Lubin was petitioning governments in Europe for
  the formation of an international organization
  that would gather and disseminate information on
  agricultural issues.
• Because of the efforts of these two men, and wide
  support from scientists and scientific
  organizations, the International Institute of
  Agriculture was established in Rome in 1905,
  under the support of the King of Italy.
• One of the objectives of the Institute was the
  better control of plant diseases (Orton, 1914
  Castonguay, 2010)

40
International Cooperation

• Professor Cuboni suggested that the General
  Assembly of the international Institute of
  Agriculture adopt several recommendations with
  regard to phytosanitary inspections for moving
  plants in trade that stated
• 1. Organize, if they have not already done so, a
  government service of phytopathological
  inspection and control, especially for nurseries
  and establishments trading in living plants
  intended for reproduction.
• 2. Enact that all consignments of plants intended
  for reproduction be accompanied by a certificate

41
International Cooperation

• The recommendations further called for
  cooperation at the inter-governmental level was
  met when countries adopted the International
  Convention for the Protection of Plants,
  originally in 1914 and revised in 1929.
• But was only weakly supported due to Second World
  War kept countries from fully supporting the new
  international treaty for plant protection

42
International Cooperation

• After the Second World War, there were renewed
  efforts for cooperation in international plant
  protection at the intergovernmental level.
• Then United Nations (UN) and the Food and
  Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN was
  established in Rome, Italy replacing the
  International Institute of Agriculture.
• Member countries of the FAO began drafting a new
  plant protection agreement and in 1951 adopted
  the IPPC. superseded all previous plant
  protection agreements
• The IPPC was subsequently revised in 1979 and
  again in 1997

43
The IPPC

• The International Plant Protection
  Convention (IPPC) is a 1951 multilateral
  treaty overseen by the Food and Agriculture
  Organization that aims to secure coordinated,
  effective action to prevent and to control the
  introduction and spread of pests of plants and
  plant products.
• The IPPC was created by member countries of
  the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
  United Nations. The IPPC places emphasis on three
  core areas international standard setting,
  information exchange and capacity development for
  the implementation of the IPPC and associated
  international phytosanitary standards. The
  Secretariat of the IPPC is housed at FAO
  headquarters in Rome, Italy, and is responsible
  for the coordination of core activities under the
  IPPC work program.
• The Convention created a governing body
  consisting of each party, known as the Commission
  on Phytosanitary Measures, which oversees the
  implementation of the Convention. As of August
  2017, the Convention has 183 parties, which
  includes 180 United Nations member states,
  the Cook Islands, Niue, and the European Union.
• The Convention is recognized by the World Trade
  Organization's (WTO) Agreement on the Application
  of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS
  Agreement) as the only international standard
  setting body for plant health.

44
183 contracting parties (August , 2017) across
seven FAO regions and 10 RPPOs
EPPO 1951
NAPPO 1976
APPPC 1956
IPPC 1951
NEPPO 2012
OIRSA 1953
CAN
IAPSC 1954
PPPO 1994
COSAVE 1980
45

• The Convention extends beyond the protection of
  cultivated plants to the protection of natural
  flora and plant products. It also takes into
  consideration both direct and indirect damage by
  pests, so it includes weeds.
• While the IPPC's primary focus is on plants and
  plant products moving in international trade, the
  Convention also covers research materials,
  biological control organisms, germplasm banks,
  containment facilities, food aid, emergency aid
  and anything else that can act as a vector for
  the spread of plant pests for example,
  containers, packaging materials, soil, vehicles,
  vessels and machinery.

46

• In recent years the Commission of Phytosanitary
  Measures of the IPPC has developed a strategic
  framework with the objectives of
• protecting sustainable agriculture and enhancing
  global food security through the prevention of
  pest spread
• protecting the environment, forests and
  biodiversity from plant pests
• facilitating economic and trade development
  through the promotion of harmonized
  scientifically based phytosanitary measures, and
• developing phytosanitary capacity for members to
  accomplish the preceding three objectives.

47

• By focusing the Convention's efforts on these
  objectives, the Commission on Phytosanitary
  Measures of the IPPC intends to
• protect farmers from economically devastating
  pest and disease outbreaks.
• protect the environment from the loss of species
  diversity.
• protect ecosystems from the loss of viability and
  function as a result of pest invasions.
• protect industries and consumers from the costs
  of pest control or eradication.
• facilitate trade through International Standards
  that regulate the safe movements of plants and
  plant products.
• protect livelihoods and food security by
  preventing the entry and spread of new pests of
  plants into a country.

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The IPPC

• Aim of the IPPC
• Prevent introduction and spread of pests
• Pest Any species, strain or biotype of plant,
  animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants
  or plant products (ISPM 5 Glossary of
  Phytosanitary Terms)
• Covers a wide range of plants aims at
  protecting them from a wide range of pests
  Plants cultivated plants and wild flora Plant
  pests invertebrates, diseases and weeds Harm
  includes direct and indirect effects
• Extends to items capable of harboring or
  spreading pests, such as Conveyances and
  storage places

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The IPPC

• Includes intentional introduction of organisms,
  such as Biological control organisms
  Research, industrial or other organisms

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The IPPC

• Key principles
• Basic principles
• Operational principles

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The NPPO

• Obligations Establishment of a National Plant
  Protection Organization (NPPO) to Regulate
  imports Publish phytosanitary requirements
  Conduct surveillance, treatments and certify
  exports Issue phytosanitary certificates
  Share information on pests and regulations
  Notify trading partners of non-compliance

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Organizational structure

• Bodies established under the IPPC
• Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM)
  composed of all contracting parties of IPPC
• IPPC Secretariat
• Regional Plant Protection Organizations (RPPO)
• NPPO

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Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM)
Governing body for the IPPC Works by
consensus Reviews global plant protectionneeds
and sets the annual work Programme Develops and
adopts International Standards for Phytosanitary
Measures (ISPMs) Promotes technical assistance
and information exchange Provides dispute
settlement mechanisms as required
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Commission on Phytosanitary Measures

• CPM bodies
• Bureau
• Informal Working Group on Strategic Planning and
  Technical Assistance
• Standards Committee
• Subsidiary Body on Dispute Settlement
• Informal Working Groups
• Expert Working Groups and Technical Panels

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Organizational Structure (2)

• Bureau
• Selected by the CPM
• Seven representatives, one from each FAO region
  including chair person and vice
• Provides direction to Secretariat on behalf of
  the CPM
• Meets at least 3 times per year (June, October
  and March)

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RPPOs
Acronym Full name Representative of region
APPC Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission Asia the Pacific
CAN Comunidad Andina South America
COSAVE Comite de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur South America
EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant ProtectionOrganization Europe Mediterranean
IAPSC Inter-African Phytosanitary Council African countries
NEPPO Near East Plant Protection Organization Near East
NAPPO North American Plant Protection Organization North America
OIRSA Organismo Internacional Regional de SanidadAgropecuaria Central America
PPPO Pacific Plant Protection Organization The Pacific Community
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International phytosanitary activities today are
governed

• IPPC governed by FAO
• WTO-SPS governed by World Trade Organization
  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
• CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
  governed by UNEP

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IPPC-WTO relationship

• Both are Independent organizations linked through
  the SPS Agreement ( 3 pillars)
• WTO and IPPC are international treaties (Codex
  and OIE do not have treaty status)
• Different memberships, different governance
• The IPPC is a protection agreement that makes
  provisions for trade the SPS is a trade
  agreement that makes provisions for protection.

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IPPC-CBD relationship

• CBD seeks to identify, control, eradicate or have
  measures in place to manage pathways to prevent
  the introduction and establishment of invasive
  alien species (IAS) ecosystems, habitats and
  other species (CBD, 2010).
• While the CBD addresses biodiversity and the
  environment in general, the IPPC specifically
  concentrates on IAS that are pests of plants and
  provides guidance for protection against them
  (IPPC, 2012a).

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IPPC (1997)articles

• ARTICLE I (1) Purpose and responsibility
• ARTICLE II(2) Use of terms
• RTICLE III(3) Relationship with other
  international agreements
• ARTICLE IV (4) General provisions relating to
  the organizational arrangements for NPPO
• ARTICLE V (5) Phytosanitary certification
• ARTICLE VI (6) Regulated pests
• ARTICLE VII (7) Requirements in relation to
  imports
• ARTICLE VIII (8) International cooperation
• ARTICLE IX (9) Regional plant protection
  organizations
• ARTICLE X (10) Standards
• ARTICLE XI (11)Commission on Phytosanitary
  Measures

• ARTICLE XII (12) Secretariat
• ARTICLE XIII (13) Settlement of disputes
• ARTICLE XIV (14)Substitution of prior agreements
  
• ARTICLE XV (15) Territorial application
• ARTICLE XVI (16) supplementary agreements
• ARTICLE XVII (17) Ratification and adherence
• ARTICLE XVIII (18) Non-contracting parties
• ARTICLE XIX (19) Languages
• ARTICLE XX (20) Technical assistance
• ARTICLE XXI (21) Amendment
• ARTICLE XXII (22) Entry into force
• ARTICLE XXIII (23) Denunciation

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Summary of articles

• Articles I and III (1-3)
• The IPPC establishes the principle that all
  countries have a joint responsibility in plant
  quarantine to adhere to the rules agreed, without
  prejudice to obligations under other
  international agreements
• ISPM No. 1 (2006) Phytosanitary principles for
  the protection of plants and the application of
  phytosanitary measures in international trade.

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Summary of articles

• Articles IV provisions to NPPO (4)
• Establish an official NPPO and provide its
  description to the IPPC Secretary (PQ R 4/92)
• Issuance of phytosanitary certificates
• Surveillance of plants (for detection of pests)
  ISPM 6 Guidelines for surveillance
• Inspection and, if necessary, treatment to meet
  phytosanitary requirements, of regulated items
  moving in international trade ISPM 23 Guidelines
  for inspection, ISPM 28 Phytosanitary treatments
  for regulated pests, ISPM 27 Diagnostic protocols
  for regulated pests
• Protection of areas open to the establishment of
  a quarantine pest
• Performing pest risk analyses ISPM 2 Framework
  for pest risk analysis
• Ensuring the integrity of regulated consignments
  between phytosanitary certification and export
• Training of staff
• In addition to the best of their ability issue
  their phytosanitary regulations, publicize
  information concerning regulated pests and their
  control, and provide for research on relevant
  problems

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Summary of articles

• Articles V Phytosanitary certificates (5)
• FAO model certificate not to use certificates of
  different format
• Electronic form if acceptable to the importing
  country
• Inspections and related activities are to be done
  by technically qualified public officials acting
  under the authorization of the official national
  plant protection organization (ISPM 12)

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Summary of articles

• Articles VI and VII Regulated pests
  requirements in relation to imports(6-7)
• National phytosanitary regulations are required
  to be embodied in national law and published
• All phytosanitary measures must be limited to
  what can be technically justified and applied
  equally to both imports and domestic production
• Measures must be reviewed as necessary
• ISPM 20 Guidelines for a phytosanitary import
  regulatory system

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Summary of articles

• Articles VIII, IX and X int. coops, RPPO,
  standards (8-10)
• Each contracting party must designate a contact
  point for exchange of information, and is obliged
  to cooperate as fully as possible
• Cooperation is also obligatory for establishing
  RPPOs and in the development of international
  standards for phytosanitary measures

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Summary ..

• Articles XI and XII (11-12)
• Provide for the establishment of a Commission on
  Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) within the framework
  of the FAO and for a Secretariat to administer it

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Summary

• ARTICLE XIII Dispute settlment (13)
• If there is any dispute regarding the
  interpretation or application of this Convention,
  concerned contracting parties shall consult among
  themselves as soon as possible with a view to
  resolving the dispute.
• Director-General of FAO to appoint a committee of
  experts

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Summary

• Articles XIV to XXIII (14-23)
• Substitution of prior agreements (but not the
  Phylloxera convention of 1878),
• Territorial application,
• Supplementary agreements,
• Ratification and adherence,
• Non-contracting parties,
• Languages, (Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
  Russian, Spanish)
• Technical assistance,
• Amendment,
• Entry into force and
• Denunciation

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Why is the need for standards?

• Trade is growing in volume and complexity
• There is an increased risk of the introduction
  and spread of pests harmful to plant species
• Trade in plants and plant products is the major
  portion of agriculture trade

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Standard setting committee

• Subsidiary Body of the IPPC
• Oversees the standard-setting process
• Manages the development of ISPMs
• Provides guidance to technical panels and expert
  drafting groups

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Stage 1
Developing the List of topics Identify a
problem Consult within the NPPO, with
industry,academia, other government agencies,
etc. Is there a regional (RPPO) standard? Is
there an IPPC standard? Propose a solution
revision or new ISPM IPPC contracting parties
and RPPOs submitideas for ISPMs SC reviews the
proposals CPM adds the proposals to the List of
topics
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Stage 1

• What is a specification? A document that guides
  the drafting group when drafting the ISPM
  Provides the scope of the ISPM Details the
  tasks and the desired expertise of the drafting
  group Technical Panels also have specifications
  directing their work and composition

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Stage 2

• Drafting Draft specification is attached to the
  submitted topic Before the specification is
  approved, all contracting parties have the
  opportunity to comment on it Consult within the
  NPPO, with industry, academia, other government
  agencies, etc. The SC approves the specification

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• Answer Yes! Once the SC approves the
  specification, theSecretariat issues a call for
  experts The call includes the date and location
  of the meeting, and the expertise required for
  the subject matter experts

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Expert drafting groups (EDGs)

• Expert Working Group (EWG) 1 meeting, 1 draft
  ISPM Technical Panels (TPs) with ongoing work
  on Phytosanitary Treatments (TPPT)
  Diagnostic Protocols (TPDP) Forest Quarantine
  (TPFQ) Fruit Flies (TPFF) Glossary of
  Phytosanitary Terms (TPG)
• SC approval for consultation EDG drafts the
  standard SC decides whether to approve it for
  consultation or whether it needs more work

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Stage 3. Consultation

• Opportunity for contracting parties to review and
  comment on draft ISPMs Lasts 90 days 1 July to
  30 September Draft ISPMs submitted to 2
  consultations After first consultation Standards
  Committee Working Group (SC-7)
• Seven SC members, one from each region meets the
  week after the May
• Review the draft ISPMs and comments from first
  consultation
• Decides whether to approve it for second
  consultation or whether it needs more work

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Where does the draft ISPM go afterthe SC-7 has
approved it

• Second consultation and SC review Second
  consultation, 90 days The SC reviews comments
  from second consultation
• The SC can send the draft ISPM to the CPM for
  adoption return it to the steward submit it
  for another consultation put it on hold

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What happens after the SCrecommends the draft to
the CPM for adoption?
82
Before the CPM meeting

• Contracting parties can review the draft ISPMs at
  least six weeks before the CPM meeting
• If contracting party disagree with the adoption
  of a draft ISPM, it can submit an objection

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Objections

• Must include technical justification and
  suggestions for improvement to the draft ISPM,
  which other contracting parties are likely to
  accept
• The IPPC Official Contact Point submits the
  objection to the Secretariat no later than three
  weeks before the CPM meeting
• The CPM decides on the way forward

84
Stage 4 Adoption and publication

• If approved no objection adoption of the
  standard is made by CPM!

85

• How long does a single ISPM takes to develop?

86
The process
87
Adopted standards (1993-2017)
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ISPMs

• ISPM No. 1 (2006) Phytosanitary principles for
  the protection of plants and the application of
  phytosanitary measures in international trade
• ISPM No. 2 (2007) Framework for pest risk
  analysis
• ISPM No. 3 (2005) Guidelines for the export,
  shipment, import and release of biological
  control agents and other beneficial organisms
• ISPM No. 4 (1995) Requirements for the
  establishment of pest free areas
• ISPM No. 5 (2009) Glossary of phytosanitary terms
• ISPM No. 6 (1997) Guidelines for surveillance
• ISPM No. 7 (1997) Export certification system
• ISPM No. 8 (1998) Determination of pest status in
  an area
• ISPM No. 9 (1998) Guidelines for pest eradication
  programmes
• ISPM No. 10 (1999) Requirements for the
  establishment of pest free places of production
  and pest free production sites
• ISPM No. 11 (2004) Pest risk analysis for
  quarantine pests, including analysis of
  environmental risks and living modified organisms
• ISPM No. 12 (2001) Guidelines for phytosanitary
  certificates
• ISPM No. 13 (2001) Guidelines for the
  notification of non-compliance and emergency
  action
• ISPM No. 14 (2002) The use of integrated measures
  in a systems approach for pest risk management
• ISPM No. 15 (2009) Guidelines for regulating wood
  packaging material in international trade
• ISPM No. 16 (2002) Regulated non-quarantine
  pests concept and application
• ISPM No. 17 (2002) Pest reporting

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ISPMs

• ISPM No. 18 (2003) Guidelines for the use of
  irradiation as a phytosanitary measure
• ISPM No. 19 (2003) Guidelines on lists of
  regulated pests
• ISPM No. 20 (2004) Guidelines for a phytosanitary
  import regulatory system
• ISPM No. 21 (2004) Pest risk analysis for
  regulated non-quarantine pests
• ISPM No. 22 (2005) Requirements for the
  establishment of areas of low pest prevalence
• ISPM No. 23 (2005) Guidelines for inspection
• ISPM No. 24 (2005) Guidelines for the
  determination and recognition of equivalence of
  phytosanitary measures
• ISPM No. 25 (2006) Consignments in transit
• ISPM No. 26 (2006) Establishment of pest free
  areas for fruit flies (Tephritidae)
• ISPM No. 27 (2006) Diagnostic protocols for
  regulated pests
• ISPM No. 28 (2009) Phytosanitary treatments for
  regulated pests
• ISPM No. 29 (2007) Recognition of pest free areas
  and areas of low pest prevalence
• ISPM No. 30 (2008) Establishment of areas of low
  pest prevalence for fruit flies (Tephritidae)
• ISPM No. 31 (2008) Methodologies for sampling
  consignments
• ISPM No. 32 (2009) Categorization of commodities
  according to their pest risk
• ISPM No. 33 (2010) pest free potato (solanum
  spp.) micropropagative material and minitubers
• for international trade

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ISPMs

• ISPM No. 34 (2010) design and operation of
  post-entry quarantine stations for plants
• ISPM No. 35 (2012) systems approach for pest
  risk management of fruit flies (tephritidae)
• ISPM No. 36 (2012) integrated measures for plants
  for planting
• ISPM No. 37 (2016) Determination of host status
  of fruit to fruit ?ies (Tephritidae)
• ISPM 38 (2017) on the International Movement of
  Seed A TRAINING MANUAL PREPARED BY
  THEInternational Seed Federation ISPM No. 39
  (2017) International movement of wood ISPM No.
  40 (2017) International movement of growing media
  in association with plants for planting
• ISPM No. 41 (2017) International movement of
  used vehicles, machinery and equipment

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EXPORT
IMPORT
Import Permit ISPM 20
Inspection plants, growing media
ISPM 7, 23, 20, 40, 41
Inspection plants, growing media, used
ISPM 3
ISPM 12
Authorization
IISPM 13
Certification
Response to NC notification
Bio-agents
IISPM 15,39
NC notification
IISPM 8, 19
Wood movement
Wood movement
IISPM 28
IISPM 2, 21
PQ pest list
IISPM 7
IISPM 6
PQ pest list
Treatment super.
PRA
IISPM 34
ISPM 4,22,26
Active growth insp.
Surveillance
ISPM 27
PEQ
Pest free area
Diagnosis
Diagnosis Identification
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Diagnostics can provide essential information

• To clarify which specific pest risks need to be
  analyzed (pest risk analysis (IPPC Article
  IV.2(f) ISPMs 2 and 11)
• For the establishment of appropriate
  phytosanitary import measures (Article VII ISPM
  20), because these measures should be based on
  pest risk analysis, which should be supported by
  diagnostics
• For import verification (Article VII ISPM 20)
  and inspection (Article VII ISPM 20) and
  notification of non-compliance (Article VII ISPM
  13), because diagnostics are essential to ensure
  the accurate identity of the pest intercepted
• For surveillance (Article VII.2(j) ISPM 6),
  because diagnostics provide essential information
  on organisms collected through specific surveys,
  in order to provide accurate information on pest
  status (Article VII.2(j) ISPM 8), which
  contributes to regulator actions such as
  inclusion of pests on lists of regulated pests
  (ISPM 19) and pest reporting (ISPM 17)

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IISPM 2, 21
IISPM 13
IISPM 20, 23
IISPM 34
IISPM 9
ISPM 27
IISPM 8,19
IISPM 6
IISPM 17
IISPM 8
IISPM 7
IISPM 6, 9, 27,
94

• Thank you !!

95

• 5.4 Research The IPPC states Each contracting
  party shall make provision, to the best of its
  ability, for ... research and investigation in
  the field of plant protection (IPPC, 1997
  Article IV.3(b)). It follows that, where existing
  means of plant protection are inadequate for
  controlling pests of plants and plant products
  and in preventing their introduction and spread
  into endangered areas, research should be
  undertaken to the extent of the ability of
  contracting parties. Specific topics for research
  of interest to NPPOs could cover pest biology,
  identification and diagnostics pest
  surveillance methods and procedures inspection
  methods treatments PRA procedures pest
  control methods. Where topics for research are
  identified, the NPPO should determine the most
  appropriate means of achieving a successful
  outcome. A thorough literature review will
  identify the results of previous research, if
  any, and whether these provide the necessary
  information. If further work is needed, the NPPO
  should develop a detailed proposal for further
  consideration by an appropriate national or
  international research organization.