Electronic warfare

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Electronic Warfareand Counter-Measures

• What is Electronic Warfare?

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(No Transcript)
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Electronic Warfare (EW)

• Element of Command Control Warfare (C2W)
• Command and Control Warfare (C2W) includes
  integrated use of
• Operational Security (OPSEC)
• Military Deception
• Psychological Operations (PSYOPS)
• Physical Destruction
• Electronic Warfare (EW)

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Importance of EW

• Increased reliance on radar and OTH targeting
• Increased use of Communications and Tactical Data
  Systems (TDS)
• Increased capabilities of missile weapons
  system
• Requires high-speed detection and tracking
• Active/Passive homing long-range missile give
  little warning

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Three Components of EW

• Electronic Support (ES) ESM
• Electronic Attack (EA) ECM
• Electronic Protection (EP) ECCM

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Electronic Support (ES)

• Passive surveillance of the EM spectrum to detect
  the enemys position, strength, and intention,
  and warning of targets

-Detection -Tracking -Recognition
-Targeting -Warning -Destruction -Avoidanc
e
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Passive EW (ES)

• ELINT Electronic Intelligence
• Foreign non-communications elecromagnetic
  information
• COMINT Communications Intelligence
• Foreign communications transmissions intercepted
  by other than the intended recipients
• Advantages and Limitations

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ES Receiver Design Requirements

• Wide spectrum surveillance
• Wide dynamic range
• Unwanted signal rejection
• Angle-of-Arrival measurement
• Signal Analysis capability
• Real-Time Display
• Recording System

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Electronic Attack (EA)

• Preventing or reducing the enemys use of the EM
  spectrum (capabilities) and promoting uncertainty
• Black boxes that jam or deceive the enemy
• Radar or communications jamming

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Electronic Attack (EA)

• Use of active and passive energy to attack
• Personnel
• Facilities
• Equipment
• Four Classes of EA
• Jamming
• Modifiers
• Radar-absorbing materials (RAM)
• Physical Destruction

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Non-Destructive EA

• Denial overload oppositions receiver to deny
  its use by the enemy
• Jamming
• Noise
• Spot
• Barrage
• Sweep
• Chaff
• Flares

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Noise Jamming

• Definition
• Noise jamming is the deliberate radiation,
  re-radiation, or reflection of electromagnetic
  energy with the purpose of impairing the use of
  electronic devices, equipment, or systems being
  used by the enemy.

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PW
Rcvd Signal Amp.
Ineffective Jamming
PRT
time
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Jamming
TGT Freq
True Noise
Ideal Jammer
Actual Spot Jammer
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Non-Destructive EA (cont.)

• Deception Create false image or change images
  characteristics on a radar display. Misleads or
  spoofs
• Repeaters delay received radar signal and
  retransmitting at a slightly later time
• Transponders Create false signal by playing
  back a stored replica of the radar signal
• Chaff - disguise
• Radar Decoys
• Blip Enhancers
• Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Modification

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Decoys
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Velocity Gate Pull Off (VGPO)
Target Return
Velocity Gate
Gate Pull-Off
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Confusion/Deception
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Chaff Corridor
Flares (active)
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Chaff False Targets
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Multiple False Targets
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Strobes
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Cover Pulse Jamming
Reactive Jamming
X
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EA-6B Prowler!!!!!!!!!
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• Passive Detection
• Radar
• IFF
• TACAN
• Jamming

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Destructive EA

• Anti-Radiation Missiles
• SLAM
• HARM
• Sidewinder
• Directed Energy

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SLAM ER

• Stand-off Land Attack Missile-Expanded Response

https//wrc.navair-rdte.navy.mil/warfighter_enc/we
apons/airlanch/slamer/slamer.htm
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SLAM
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HARM

• High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile

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HARM Results
Portable Serbian Radar
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AIM-9 Sidewinder
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Electronic Protection (EP)

• Definition
• EP is the division of electronic warfare
  involving actions taken to protect personnel,
  facilities and equipment from any effects of
  friendly or enemy employment of electronic
  warfare that degrade, neutralize or destroy
  friendly combat capability.

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Electronic Protection (EP)

• Protection of friendly combat capability against
  undesirable effect of friendly or enemy employed
  EW
• Types
• Passive EW
• Active EW

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Electronic Protection (EP)

• Three ways to defend from enemy EW
• Modify radar
• Make it more complex
• Make it harder to jam
• Modify the Medium
• Chaff
• Torch
• Modify the platform

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EP Radar Design

• Power
• Frequency
• PRF
• PW
• Pulse Shape
• Antenna Design
• Scan Pattern

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EP Factors

• Burnthrough Increase signal strength to
  overpower jammer noise (ECCM)
• Emission Control (EMCON)
• Alpha
• Bravo
• Charlie
• Delta
• Operator Recognition Training

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EP Factors (Cont.)

• Frequency Agility

Slider
Stepper
Random
FREQ
TIME
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U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SLQ-32 Sidekick
• On all combatants
• Radar warning, detection and jamming
• Uses internal library to auto detect/categorize
• Infrared Flares
• On all combatants
• Chaff
• On all combatants

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U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SSQ-108 Outboard -
• On some DDG, CG, LHA, LHD
• Any ship with SSES
• Real-time OTH passive detection, localization,
  and targeting
• SLQ-39 Chaff Buoy
• On Arleigh Burke class
• Rubber Duck
• Looks like a life boat container

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U.S. Airborne EW Capabilities

• ALQ-99 - EW system on EA-6B Prowler
• ALQ-162 - EA jamming system on F-14 F/A 18
• ALQ-142 - ES system on SH-60 Seahawk
• ALQ-165 - EA jamming system on F/A-18
• ALR-47 - ES detection system on S-3 Viking
• ALR-68 - ES detection system on P-3C Orion
• ALR-73 - ES detection system on E-2 Hawkeye
• Chaff - On SH-60 Seahawk

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ALQ-99

• Detection, Identification, tracking
• Communication, Data Link, and radar jamming
• Deception mimics radar signals
• EA-6B Prowler

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ALQ-162

• Radar Jamming
• F/A-18 Hornet
• Automatic radar jamming against surface-to-air
  and airborne intercept missiles that use
  continuous wave (CW) radars

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ALQ-142

• Electronic Support System
• SH- 60 Seahawk
• Real time Identification and bearing of
  surveillance radars

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Jamming Effectiveness

• Match the victim radars RF
• Be continuous
• Have sufficient power

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Range Gate Pull Off (RGPO)
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Range Gates
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Error Signal
Target Echoes
Conical Scan
New Error Signal
Target
Apparent Target
Jamming
INVERSE GAIN
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Methods to Defeat Direct Threat Jamming

• Frequency Techniques
• RF Change
• RF Diversity
• RF Agility
• Diplexing
• Variable PRF

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Questions?