Arduino Based Solar Street Light

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Introduction

• The project is designed for LED based street
  lights with auto intensity control by an Arduino
  board using solar power from photovoltaic cells.
  As awareness for solar energy is increasing, more
  and more individuals and institutions are opting
  for solar energy. Photovoltaic panels are used
  for charging batteries by converting the sunlight
  into electricity. A charge controller circuit is
  used to control the charging.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Block Diagram
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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Hardware Requirements

• Arduino board
• White LEDs
• MOSFET
• Battery
• ATmega AVR series Microcontroller
• Regulator
• Solar Panel.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Software Requirements

• Arduino Software
• Language Arduino Programming Language

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Functional block diagram with explanation of each
Block
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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Solar Panel

• A solar panel is a collection of solar cells. The
  solar panel converts the solar energy into
  electrical energy.
• Output of the solar panel is its power which is
  measured in terms of Watts or Kilo watts. Solar
  power uses multiple reflectors to collect more
  suns thermal energy.
• Thermal energy collected through the day to
  perform different operations.
• Performance of the solar panel depends on a
  number of factors like climate, conditions of the
  sky, orientation of the panel, intensity and
  duration of sunlight and its wiring connections.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Charge controller circuit

• If the battery voltage is below 12V, then the
  current from LM317 IC flows to the battery.
• The current flow to the battery stops when the
  battery voltage rises to 13.5V. Hence charge
  controller circuit will prevent the battery to
  flow high current through it.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Rechargeable Battery

• A rechargeable battery, storage, secondary
  battery or accumulator is a type of electrical
  battery which can be charged, discharged into a
  load, and recharged many times, while a
  non-rechargeable or primary battery is supplied
  fully charged, and discarded once discharged.
• Several different combinations of electrode
  materials and electrolytes are used, including
  leadacid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal
  hydride (Ni-MH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and
  lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Voltage Divider circuit

• A voltage divider is a simple circuit which turns
  a large voltage into a smaller one.
• Using just two series resistors and an input
  voltage, we can create an output voltage that is
  a fraction of the input.
• Voltage dividers are one of the most fundamental
  circuits in electronics equation of circuit.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Arduino UNO

• Micro-controller will control the intensity of
  light at different time slots.
• Micro controller circuit will generate PWM waves
  at a particular time using RTC (Real Time Clock)
  these system provide sets of digital and analog
  I/O pins that can be interfaced to the street
  light circuit.
• Operating voltage of Arduino UNO is 5v so that we
  will convert 12v from Battery to 5v.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Solar Panel

• Expose the cell to light, and the energy from
  each photon (light particle) hitting the silicon,
  will liberate an electron and a corresponding
  hole.
• If this happens within range of the electric
  fields influence, the electrons will be sent to
  the N side and the holes to the P one, resulting
  in yet further disruption of electrical neutrality

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Solar Panel

• This flow of electrons is a current the
  electrical field in the cell causes a voltage and
  the product of these two is power

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

• Light dependent resistor is used to detect change
  in light intensity or as a light sensor. LDR is
  basically a variable resistor.
• LDR resistance changes with the change in
  intensity of light. If intensity of light falling
  on LDR is high, LDR will have low resistance.
• When intensity of light decreases, LDR offer high
  resistance. Hence there is a inverse relationship
  between intensity of light and resistance of LDR.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

• The LDR is a resistor, and its resistance varies
  according to the amount of light falling on its
  surface.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Circuit Diagram Of Light Sensor And Street Light
Control Using Arduino
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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Relay

• In this project, relay is used to provide
  isolation between low voltage circuitry and high
  voltage circuitry.
• Arduino is also used to provide control signal to
  relay whenever intensity of light falls below a
  certain level.
• Control signal is generated from pin 13 of
  Arduino which is used as a output pin. Transistor
  is used as a switch here.
• If you dont know how to use input or output pins
  of Arduino UNO R3, read following article

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Working Principle

• Photovoltaic panels are used for charging
  batteries by converting the sunlight into
  electricity.
• A charge controller circuit is used to control
  the charging. Intensity of street lights is
  required to be kept high during night.
• The Solar Street Lights work on the principle of
  the photovoltaic cell or solar cell.
• The solar cell converts solar energy to the
  electrical energy which is stored in battery.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Working Principle

• The solar lamp draws the current from this
  battery and it requires no other wiring. The
  solar street lights use solar energy, a form of
  renewable energy. 
• The project design is developed using solar panel
  and a rechargeable battery.
• The project is designed for LED based street
  lights with scheduled ON time control by an
  Arduino board using solar power from photovoltaic
  cells and the rechargeable battery. 

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Working Principle

• Through this system, the following result can be
  observed on the streets
• Greater visibility of the streets on the
  scheduled time.Turning OFF of the streetlights
  during dawn wherein least travelers can be
  noticed.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Advantages

• Solar street lights are independent of the
  utility grid. Hence, the operation costs are
  minimized.
• Solar street lights require much less maintenance
  compared to conventional street lights.
• Since external wires are eliminated, risk of
  accidents is minimized.
• This is a non-polluting source of electricity.
• Separate parts of solar system can be easily
  carried to the remote areas.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Disadvantages

• Initial investment is higher compared to
  conventional street lights.
• Risk of theft is higher as equipment costs are
  comparatively higher.
• Snow or dust, combined with moisture can
  accumulate on horizontal pv-panels and reduce or
  even stop energy production.
• Rechargeable batteries will need to be replaced
  several times over the lifetime of the fixtures
  adding to the total lifetime cost of the light.
• The batteries have to be replaced from time to
  time.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Applications

• Solar Street Lighting System is an ideal lighting
  system for Roads, Yards, Residential Colonies,
  Townships, Corporate Offices, Hospitals,
  Educational Institutions and Rural
  Electrification.
• To be able to design a device that would add
  safety in dark areas.
• To be able to design an energy wise or efficient
  streetlight. 
• To be able to promote the use of solar power in
  any project as a source of energy during daytime
  and sunny days.

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Arduino Based Solar Street Light
Conclusion

• We have been discussing about solar street light
  system using Arduino. It is to save the energy,
  an automatic street light control is used to
  control the street lights (Turn on and off based
  on the light). It can also be interfaced to a LDR
  to follow the switching operation precisely.

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