BLDC Motor Speed Control with RPM Display and PWM

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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
Introduction

• This project is designed to control  speed of a
  DC motor using an Arduino development board.
  Speed of the DC motor is directly proportional to
  the voltage applied across its terminals. Hence,
  if the voltage across the motor terminal is
  varied, then the speed can also be varied.

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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
Block Diagram
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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
Hardware Requirements

• Arduino develop Board
• Crystal
• DC Motor
• Motor Driver IC
• LED
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Diodes
• Transformer
• Voltage Regulator
• Push Buttons.

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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
Software Requirements

• Arduino software
• Language Arduino programming language

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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
Arduino

• The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet
  powerful single board computer that has gained
  considerable traction in the hobby and
  professional market.
• The Arduino is open-source, which means hardware
  is reasonably priced and development software is
  free.

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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
Arduino Board
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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
Working of Arduino

• Inexpensive
• Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive
  compared to other microcontroller platforms.
• Cross-platform
• The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh
  OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most
  microcontroller systems are limited to Windows. 

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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
Working of Arduino

• Programming environment
• The Arduino programming environment is
  easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough
  for advanced users to take advantage of as well.
• Open source and extensible software
• The Arduino software and is published as open
  source tools, available for extension by
  experienced programmers.

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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
PWM

• The PWM switching frequency has to be much faster
  than what would affect the load, which is to say
  the device that uses the power.
• The term duty cycle describes the proportion of
  on time to the regular interval or period of
  time.
• A low duty cycle corresponds to low power,
  because the power is off for most of the time.
  Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100 being
  fully on.

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Arduino Based DC Motor Speed Control
PWM Applications

• Telecommunications
• Power delivery
• Voltage regulation
• Audio effects and amplification.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
LED

• LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of
  silicon.
• When current passes through the LED, it emits
  photons as a byproduct.
• Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a
  metal filament until its white hot.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
LED

• LEDs present many advantages over traditional
  light sources including
• Lower energy consumption.
• Longer lifetime.
• Improved Robustness.
• Smaller Size.
• Faster Switching.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

• Most common LCDs connected to the
  microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays.
• This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and
  20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.
• The standard is referred to as HD44780U.
• It refers to the controller chip which receives
  data from an external source and communicates
  directly with the LCD.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
LCD Background

• If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will
  require 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the
  8 lines for the data bus).
• The three control lines are referred to as EN,
  RS, and RW.
• ENEnable (used to tell the LCD that you are
  sending it data).
• RSRegister Select (When RS is low (0), data is
  treated as a command)
• (When
  RS is High(1), data being sent is text data ).
• R/WRead/Write (When RW is low (0), the data
  written to the LCD)
• (When
  RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD).

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
LCD Diagram
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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
DC- Motor

• A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on
  direct current (DC) electricity.
• In any electric motor, operation is based on
  simple electromagnetism.
• A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red
  represents a magnet or winding with a "North"
  polarization, while green represents a magnet or
  winding with a "South" polarization).

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
DC- Motor

• Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor
  (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field
  magnet(s), and brushes.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Simplest DC Motor Circuit

• Connect the motor to a DC power supply.

Switch closed
Switch open
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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Current Continues After Switch is Opened

• Opening the switch does not immediately stop
  current in the motor windings.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Reverse Current

• Charge build-up can cause damage.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Motor Driver (l293d)

• L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver
  IC which allows DC motor to drive on either
  direction.
• L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of
  two DC motors simultaneously in any direction.
• Control two DC motor with a single L293D IC. Dual
  H-bridge Motor Driver integrated circuit(IC).

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
L293D Pin Diagram
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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Working of L293D

• There are 4 input pins for l293d, pin 2,7 on the
  left and pin 15 ,10 on the right as shown on the
  pin diagram.
• Left input pins will regulate the rotation of
  motor connected across left side and right input
  for motor on the right hand side.
• The motors are rotated on the basis of the inputs
  provided across the input pins as LOGIC 0 or
  LOGIC 1.
• In simple you need to provide Logic 0 or 1 across
  the input pins for rotating the motor.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Circuit Diagram For l293d Motor Driver IC
Controller
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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Voltage Specification

• VCC is the voltage that it needs for its own
  internal operation 5v.
• L293D will not use this voltage for driving the
  motor.
• For driving the motors it has a separate
  provision to provide motor supply VSS (V
  supply). 
• L293d will use this to drive the motor.
• It means if you want to operate a motor at 9V
  then you need to provide a Supply of 9V across
  VSS Motor supply.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Voltage Specification

• The maximum voltage for VSS motor supply is 36V.
• It can supply a max current of 600mA per channel.
  
• Since it can drive motors Up to 36v hence you can
  drive pretty big motors with this l293d.
• VCC pin 16 is the voltage for its own internal
  Operation.
• The maximum voltage ranges from 5v and up to 36v.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Motor Driver Features

• Output current 1A per channel (600 mA for L293D).
• Peak output current 2 A per channel (1.2 A for
  L293D).
• Output clamp diodes for Inductive Transient
  suppression(L293D).

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Working Principle

• The voltage supplied to a DC motor controls its
  speed.
• Arduino cannot supply variable DC output.

• Arduino lacks a true analog output.
• Use Pulse-width modulation (PWM) to simulate a
  variable DC supply voltage.
• PWM is a common technique for supplying variable
  power levels to slow electrical devices such as
  resistive loads, LEDs, and DC motors.
• Arduino Uno has 6 PWM pins Digital I/O pins 3,
  5, 6, 9,10, and 11.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Arduino UNO
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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Applications

• Wide supply-voltage range 4.5V to 36V
• Separate input- logic supply
• Internal ESD protection
• Thermal shutdown
• High-Noise-Immunity input
• Functional Replacements for SGS L293 and SGS
  L293D

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Further Enhancement

• The project can be enhanced by using power
  electronic devices such as IGBTs to achieve the
  speed control higher capacity industrial motors
  and DC Motor Controller.

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Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Conclusion

• The Circuit was designed and implemented. this
  project can be enhanced by using power electronic
  devices such as IGBTs to achieve the speed
  control higher capacity industrial motors and DC
  Motor Controller. A motor-driver IC is interfaced
  to the Arduino board for receiving PWM signals
  and delivering desired output for speed control
  of a small DC motor.

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