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Title: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP WATER PRODUCTIVITY - IMPACT AND MITIGATION


1

CLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP WATER PRODUCTIVITY -
IMPACT AND MITIGATION
CREDIT SEMINAR AGROMET 591

PRESENTED BY
DEBJYOTI MAJUMDER
L-2013-A-15-M SCHOOL OF CLIMATE
CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL
METEOROLOGY
2
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Climate is the average weather at a given point
    and time of year, over a long period (typically
    30 years).
  • We expect the weather to change a lot from day to
    day, but we expect the climate to remain
    relatively constant.
  • If the climate doesnt remain constant, we call
    it climate change.
  • The key question is what is a significant change
    and this depends upon the underlying level of
    climate variability
  • Crucial to understand difference between climate
    change and climate variability

3
Earths climate system Greenhouse Effect
4
Could the warming be natural?
5
Relative increase in Green House Gases influenced
by anthropogenic activities
Gases CO2 CH4 N2O CFCs
Pre-industrial atmospheric concentration 280 ppmv 0.70 ppmv 280 ppbv 0
Current concentration 400 ppmv 1.89 ppmv 3.26 ppbv 5.03 pptv
Annual increase () 0.5 (1.5 - 1.8 ppmv) 0.8 (0.013 ppmv) 0.25 (0.75 ppbv) 4 (18 -20 pptv)
Global warming potential relative to CO2 1 24.5 320 4000
6
Global temperature change
(IPCC, 2007)
7
Observed surface temperature trend
Trends significant at the 5 level indicated with
a . Grey insufficient data
8
Annual maximum and minimum temperature at
Ludhiana
Maximum Temperature
Minimum Temperature
Jalota and Kaur (2013)
9
Sea-level from satellites 4 cm rise in 10 years
10
Recent vagaries /incidences
DROUGHT HITS KARNATAKA 2008
COLD WAVE IN NORTH 2006
HEAT WAVE IN NORTHERN INDIA 2007
NILAM CYCLONE 2012
Uttarakhand flood 2013
Hud Hud 2014
11
Impact on crop productivity
12
Impact Of CO2 on Agricultural Productivity
Effects of Elevated CO2 on Net Photosynthesis in
C3 and C4 plants
Calculated Actual and Potential rates of Crop
Canopy Photosynthesis versus Temperature in C3
plants
2 x CO2
C3 plants
Current CO2 levels
C4 plants
Stephen et al (2006)
13
Effect of CO2 concentrations on rice
Treatment Grain yield (g/ m2) Filled grains () Individual grain weight (mg)
Elevated CO2 (570 ppm) 971 (24) 82.9 (9) 24.9 (2)
Ambient CO2 (370 ppm) 783 76.0 24.5
Open 723 72.0 24.0
CD (p 0.05) 95 4.2 1.3
percentage increase over ambient
Costa et al (2006)
14
Effect of temperature change on growth and yield
of Rice
Hundal and Kaur (2007)
15
Effect of CO2 and temperature on Grain yield
(kg/ha) of Rice
Temperature CO2 (ppm) CO2 (ppm) CO2 (ppm) CO2 (ppm)
Temperature Normal ( 330 ) 400 500 600
Deviation from normal ( ) Deviation from normal ( ) Deviation from normal ( ) Deviation from normal ( ) Deviation from normal ( )
Normal 7563 1.5 6.6 8.7
0.50C -3.7 -1.1 2.2 5.1
1.00C -6.6 -4.3 -2.8 0.5
1.50C -8.8 -8.4 -6.1 -3.5
2.00C -7.5 -7.2 -4.4 -2.8
grain yield at normal CO2 and temperature
Hundal and Kaur (2007)
16
Effect of doubling CO2 concentration (682 ppm)
and rise in mean temperature on productivity of
Maize
Year Rise in temp (C) Productivity (Kg/ha) Deviation in productivity from 2005 ()
Year Rise in temp (C) Grain yield Grain yield
2005 0 2406 -
2020 0.6 2489 3.45
2050 1.6 2407 0.04
2080 2.6 2214 -7.98
2100 3.2 1972 -18.04
Sharma et al (2013)
17
Impact of climate change on tuber yield
productivity
Atmospheric CO2 conc. (ppm) Rise in Temperature (OC) Rise in Temperature (OC) Rise in Temperature (OC) Rise in Temperature (OC) Rise in Temperature (OC) Rise in Temperature (OC)
Atmospheric CO2 conc. (ppm) Nil (current) 1 2 3 4 5
369 (current) 0.0 -6.27 -17.09 -28.10 -42.55 -60.55
400 (2020) 3.40 -3.16 -14.57 -25.54 -58.63 -58.63
550 (2050) 18.65 11.12 -1.25 -13.72 -30.25 -49.94
Singh and Lal (2009)
18
Impact on crop evapotranspiration and water
productivity
19
Amount of fresh water in the world
  • Of all the water on Earth, only a small amount is
    available for us to use. It's true!
  • 96.5 of the Earth's water supply is salt water.
  • Only 2.8 is fresh water!
  • That 2.8 is divided like this
  • 0.76 is groundwater (we can use some of this
    water)
  • 0.0132 is in lakes and streams (we can use some
    of this water)
  • 1.74 is in glaciers and icecaps
  • 0.001 is water vapor

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Rainfall Partitioning - Field Scale
Rainfall (100)
Crops (10-30)
Evaporation (30-50)
Weeds (10-20)
Runoff (10-30)
Storage
OCEAN
Deep Percolation (5-10)
Figures adapted from Hatibu Rockström (2005)
22
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  • Concepts of Crop Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
  • Crop Economic WUE Gross return /
    Evapotranspiration (mm)
  • Crop WUE Yield kg / Evapotranspiration (mm)
  • Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
  • Irrigation WUE Yield kg/ Irrigation water
    applied (ML)
  • Gross Production Economic WUE Gross return /
    Total water applied (ML)
  • Irrigation Economic WUE Gross return /
    Irrigation water delivered to the field (ML)

24
Effect of Meterological Parameters on potential
evapotranspiration
Goyal, 2004
25
Factors affecting Reference Evapotranspiration
Singh, 2010
26
Variablity in Reference Crop Evapotranpiration
ET0
Wang et al, 2012
27
Relation between PET of wheat and Weather
parameters
Parameter Regression Equation R2
Rainfall amount (RF) Y -0.493 x 543.9 0.58
No. of rainy days (NoRD) Y -6.619 x 564.1 0.55
Maximum temperature (Tmax) Y 45.34 x - 531.6 0.79
RF, NoRD, Tmax Y -228.02 33.21 X1 0.078 X2 2.01 X3 Where, X1 Mean monthly maximum temperature (November - March) X2 Total Rainfall (November - March) X3 Total number of rainy days (November - March) 0.83
Kingra and Kukal, 2013
28
Variabilty in Water Use Efficiency of wheat in
central Punjab
Kingra and Kukal, 2013
29
Mitigation / Adaptation Strategies
30
Management Strategies
Mulching
Land Configuration
Tillage
Method of Irrigation
Irrigation Scheduling
Date of Sowing
Planting Pattern
Anti-transpirants
31
Mulch application
32
MULCHES
  • Surface mulching either by timely
    intercultivation or by covering the soil surface
    with plant residues benefits the crops in the
    following ways
  • Reduce water evaporation from soil.
  • Reduces water runoffs from the cropped
  • fields.
  • Help control weeds.
  • Adds organic matter to the soil and
  • improves soil quality.

33
Mulch and tillage effects on oxygen diffusion
rate (ODR) (10 -8 g cm -2 s -1 )
Silty loam
NT- No tillage, RT- Ridge tillage PT- Plough
tillage
Kahlon et al, 2013
34
Effects of Mulching on the partitioning of ET in
wheat
Effects of Mulching on transpiration efficiency
in wheat
Mulch No mulch LSD (0.05)
Grain transpiration efficiency Kg mm -1 ha -1 14.6 16.4 1.2
Total biomass transpiration efficiency Kg mm -1 ha -1 36.6 41.4 3.1
Es T ET
Mulch 8 Mg ha-1 100 240 340
No Mulch 135 210 345
LSD (0.05) 10 26 NS
Clay loam
Singh et al , 2011
35
Water Use efficiency of wheat under different
tillage and mulch
CT CT BP BP
Factors M0 M1 M0 M1
Moisture depletion (cm) 19.02 15.12 18.63 15.11
Water Use (cm) 26.05 22.15 24.37 22.18
Yield (kg ha-1) 3296 3613 3206 3782
WUE (kg ha-1cm-1) 126.5 163.2 131.6 170.5
CT Conventional tillage, BP Bed Planting
Meena et al, 2011
36
Response of straw mulch on crop yield and
irrigation water saving
Crop Yield increase (kg ha-1) Irrigation water saving (cm)
Maize fodder 7500 15
Sorghum fodder 7200 23
Mentha 700 32
Sugarcane 4300 40
Potato 3900 12
Moong 100 7
Jalota et al, 2007
37
Effect of Straw mulch on the root length density
of wheat
Meena et al, 2011
Clay soil
38
Land configuration and Tillage
39
PROMOTION OF PRECISION LAND LEVELLING
Area Covered during 2009 3.28 lac hectares
40
Effects of land configuration on IW (cm) and WUE
( kg ha -1 cm-1)
Planting method Planting method Planting method Planting method Planting method Planting method
Irrigation IW IW IW WUE WUE WUE
Irrigation R BB NB R BB NB
I1 65.8 46.2 51.8 281 418 429
I2 37.6 26.4 29.6 410 617 693
I3 32.9 23.1 25.9 386 593 707
R - Ridge, BB- Broad bed, NB - Narrow bed
Loamy sand, pH- 8.3
Sidhu et al, 2005
41
Influence of irrigation, tillage, and mulching on
WP (kg ha-1 mm-1) of soybean in the two soils
Loamy sand Loamy sand Sandy loam Sandy loam
Tillage Mulch 6 t ha-1 Ip If Ip If
CT M0 1.39 1.87 3.16 2.78
CT M 1.67 2.26 3.89 3.30
DT M0 1.66 2.25 3.55 2.82
DT M 1.97 2.33 3.78 3.28
CT Conventional tillage, DT -Deep tillage Ip-
Partial irrigation, If -Full irrigation
Arora et al, 2011
42
Grain Yield, Evapotranspiration,WUE and Net Water
Productivity in Horsegram Under different Tillage
Practices
Method Of crop Establishment Grain Yield (kg/ha) Total ET (mm) WUE (kg/m-3 ) Net Productivity of used water (Rs m-3 )
Early sowing with minimum tillage Late sowing with minimum Tillage 1290 1060 241.3 182.8 0.60 0.58 4.85 4.30
Paira cropping without Tillage 750 188.6 0.40 2.93
CD(P0.05) 130 21.4 0.06 0.37
Singh et al, 2008
43
Irrigation method and scheduling
44
Indicative Worlds Irrigation Water Efficiency
Serageldin (1997)
45
Irrigation Efficiencies under Different Methods
Irrigation Efficiencies Method of Irrigation () Method of Irrigation () Method of Irrigation ()
Irrigation Efficiencies Surface Sprinkler Drip
Conveyance Efficiency 40-50 (canal) 60-70 (well) - -
Application Efficiency 60-70 70-80 90
Surface water moisture evaporation 30-40 30-40 20-25
Overall efficiency 30-35 50-60 80-90
46
Impact of Irrigation method On Water use
Efficiency in Cotton
Ibragimov et al (2007)
47
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Date of sowing
49
CHANGE IN CROP CALENDER



Recommended Date of
Paddy Transplantation
DEPLETION IN WATER LEVEL (CM)
If paddy is transplanted after 15th June, then
net recharge and net draft balance each other in
case rainfall is normal
50
Planting Pattern
51
Grain yield and water productivity of wheat as
influence by planting pattern
Planting pattern Seed rate (kg ha-1) No. of spikes/m3 Grain yield (t ha-1) Water productivity (kg grain m-3 )
Bed 90 cm 80 445 6.18 2.25
Flat bed 100 426 5.28 1.26
CD (0.05) 19.84 0.343 0.11
Silty loam
Kumar et al, 2010
52
Effect of Planting Pattern on yield and WUE Of
Sugarcane in Rahuri, Maharashtra
Planting Patterns Cane Yield (t/ha) Water Applied (cm) WUE (kgm3 )
Paired row Planting (0.75m) 158.8 91.4 17.37
Four row Planting (0.90m) 161.4 106.4 15.16
Normal Planting (1.0m) 136.8 193.0 7.08
Yadav et al, 2000
53
Use of Anti-tranpirants
54
Anti-transpirants
  • Antitranspirants is any material applied to
    transpiring plant surface for reducing water
    losses from plant.
  • Nearly 99 of water absorbed by the plant is lost
    in transpiration
  • Stomatal closing type Phenyl mercuric acetate
    and Atrazine
  • Film forming type Plastic and waxy materials
    (Mobileaf, Hexadeconol, Silicon) form a thin film
    on the leaf surface
  • Reflectant type White material form a coating
    on the leaves and increase the leaf reflectance
    (5 Kaolin spray)
  • Growth retardant Chemicals reduce shoot growth
    and increase root growth and thus enable the
    plant to resist drought (Cycocel). They may also
    induce stomatal closure.

55
Influence of Anti-transpirants On Water
Productivity of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.)
Treatments Mean transpiration Dry Matter production WUE
Soil Moisture Regimes gm/pot gm/pot gm /gm 104
Low 2084 8.5 40.8
High 2760 9.4 34.0
Anti-transpirant Anti-transpirant Anti-transpirant Anti-transpirant
Control 3234 8.7 8.7
PMA 2192 8.1 8.1
Kaolinite 2598 8.8 8.8
PMA Kaolinite 1818 9.2 9.2
Mobileaf 2272 10.0 10.0
Patil and De, 2006
56
CONCLUSIONS
  • With the increase in temperature, the PET demand
    will be increased so as the crop water
    requirement.
  • Increase in evapo-transpiration due to global
    warming can put tremendous pressure on existing
    over-stressed water resources.
  • More emphasis is needed to develop technologies
    for reducing water losses, conservation of rain
    water and development of crop varieties requiring
    less water.
  • Different management strategies such as proper
    irrigation methods and scheduling, use
    anti-transpirants and proper management of
    cultural practices enhance the yield and
    decreases ET losses.
  • Integrated research efforts involving
    agrometeorologists,, agronomists, soil water
    engineers and plant breeders are required to
    manage the water resources and crop water
    productivity under changing climatic conditions.
  • .

57
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION !!!
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