Title: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP WATER PRODUCTIVITY - IMPACT AND MITIGATION
1 CLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP WATER PRODUCTIVITY -
IMPACT AND MITIGATION
CREDIT SEMINAR AGROMET 591
PRESENTED BY
DEBJYOTI MAJUMDER
L-2013-A-15-M SCHOOL OF CLIMATE
CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL
METEOROLOGY
2WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE
- Climate is the average weather at a given point
and time of year, over a long period (typically
30 years). - We expect the weather to change a lot from day to
day, but we expect the climate to remain
relatively constant. - If the climate doesnt remain constant, we call
it climate change. - The key question is what is a significant change
and this depends upon the underlying level of
climate variability - Crucial to understand difference between climate
change and climate variability
3 Earths climate system Greenhouse Effect
4Could the warming be natural?
5Relative increase in Green House Gases influenced
by anthropogenic activities
Gases CO2 CH4 N2O CFCs
Pre-industrial atmospheric concentration 280 ppmv 0.70 ppmv 280 ppbv 0
Current concentration 400 ppmv 1.89 ppmv 3.26 ppbv 5.03 pptv
Annual increase () 0.5 (1.5 - 1.8 ppmv) 0.8 (0.013 ppmv) 0.25 (0.75 ppbv) 4 (18 -20 pptv)
Global warming potential relative to CO2 1 24.5 320 4000
6Global temperature change
(IPCC, 2007)
7Observed surface temperature trend
Trends significant at the 5 level indicated with
a . Grey insufficient data
8Annual maximum and minimum temperature at
Ludhiana
Maximum Temperature
Minimum Temperature
Jalota and Kaur (2013)
9Sea-level from satellites 4 cm rise in 10 years
10Recent vagaries /incidences
DROUGHT HITS KARNATAKA 2008
COLD WAVE IN NORTH 2006
HEAT WAVE IN NORTHERN INDIA 2007
NILAM CYCLONE 2012
Uttarakhand flood 2013
Hud Hud 2014
11Impact on crop productivity
12Impact Of CO2 on Agricultural Productivity
Effects of Elevated CO2 on Net Photosynthesis in
C3 and C4 plants
Calculated Actual and Potential rates of Crop
Canopy Photosynthesis versus Temperature in C3
plants
2 x CO2
C3 plants
Current CO2 levels
C4 plants
Stephen et al (2006)
13Effect of CO2 concentrations on rice
Treatment Grain yield (g/ m2) Filled grains () Individual grain weight (mg)
Elevated CO2 (570 ppm) 971 (24) 82.9 (9) 24.9 (2)
Ambient CO2 (370 ppm) 783 76.0 24.5
Open 723 72.0 24.0
CD (p 0.05) 95 4.2 1.3
percentage increase over ambient
Costa et al (2006)
14Effect of temperature change on growth and yield
of Rice
Hundal and Kaur (2007)
15Effect of CO2 and temperature on Grain yield
(kg/ha) of Rice
Temperature CO2 (ppm) CO2 (ppm) CO2 (ppm) CO2 (ppm)
Temperature Normal ( 330 ) 400 500 600
Deviation from normal ( ) Deviation from normal ( ) Deviation from normal ( ) Deviation from normal ( ) Deviation from normal ( )
Normal 7563 1.5 6.6 8.7
0.50C -3.7 -1.1 2.2 5.1
1.00C -6.6 -4.3 -2.8 0.5
1.50C -8.8 -8.4 -6.1 -3.5
2.00C -7.5 -7.2 -4.4 -2.8
grain yield at normal CO2 and temperature
Hundal and Kaur (2007)
16 Effect of doubling CO2 concentration (682 ppm)
and rise in mean temperature on productivity of
Maize
Year Rise in temp (C) Productivity (Kg/ha) Deviation in productivity from 2005 ()
Year Rise in temp (C) Grain yield Grain yield
2005 0 2406 -
2020 0.6 2489 3.45
2050 1.6 2407 0.04
2080 2.6 2214 -7.98
2100 3.2 1972 -18.04
Sharma et al (2013)
17Impact of climate change on tuber yield
productivity
Atmospheric CO2 conc. (ppm) Rise in Temperature (OC) Rise in Temperature (OC) Rise in Temperature (OC) Rise in Temperature (OC) Rise in Temperature (OC) Rise in Temperature (OC)
Atmospheric CO2 conc. (ppm) Nil (current) 1 2 3 4 5
369 (current) 0.0 -6.27 -17.09 -28.10 -42.55 -60.55
400 (2020) 3.40 -3.16 -14.57 -25.54 -58.63 -58.63
550 (2050) 18.65 11.12 -1.25 -13.72 -30.25 -49.94
Singh and Lal (2009)
18Impact on crop evapotranspiration and water
productivity
19Amount of fresh water in the world
- Of all the water on Earth, only a small amount is
available for us to use. It's true! - 96.5 of the Earth's water supply is salt water.
- Only 2.8 is fresh water!
- That 2.8 is divided like this
- 0.76 is groundwater (we can use some of this
water) - 0.0132 is in lakes and streams (we can use some
of this water) - 1.74 is in glaciers and icecaps
- 0.001 is water vapor
20(No Transcript)
21Rainfall Partitioning - Field Scale
Rainfall (100)
Crops (10-30)
Evaporation (30-50)
Weeds (10-20)
Runoff (10-30)
Storage
OCEAN
Deep Percolation (5-10)
Figures adapted from Hatibu Rockström (2005)
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23- Concepts of Crop Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
- Crop Economic WUE Gross return /
Evapotranspiration (mm) - Crop WUE Yield kg / Evapotranspiration (mm)
- Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
- Irrigation WUE Yield kg/ Irrigation water
applied (ML) - Gross Production Economic WUE Gross return /
Total water applied (ML) - Irrigation Economic WUE Gross return /
Irrigation water delivered to the field (ML)
24Effect of Meterological Parameters on potential
evapotranspiration
Goyal, 2004
25Factors affecting Reference Evapotranspiration
Singh, 2010
26 Variablity in Reference Crop Evapotranpiration
ET0
Wang et al, 2012
27 Relation between PET of wheat and Weather
parameters
Parameter Regression Equation R2
Rainfall amount (RF) Y -0.493 x 543.9 0.58
No. of rainy days (NoRD) Y -6.619 x 564.1 0.55
Maximum temperature (Tmax) Y 45.34 x - 531.6 0.79
RF, NoRD, Tmax Y -228.02 33.21 X1 0.078 X2 2.01 X3 Where, X1 Mean monthly maximum temperature (November - March) X2 Total Rainfall (November - March) X3 Total number of rainy days (November - March) 0.83
Kingra and Kukal, 2013
28Variabilty in Water Use Efficiency of wheat in
central Punjab
Kingra and Kukal, 2013
29Mitigation / Adaptation Strategies
30Management Strategies
Mulching
Land Configuration
Tillage
Method of Irrigation
Irrigation Scheduling
Date of Sowing
Planting Pattern
Anti-transpirants
31Mulch application
32MULCHES
- Surface mulching either by timely
intercultivation or by covering the soil surface
with plant residues benefits the crops in the
following ways -
- Reduce water evaporation from soil.
- Reduces water runoffs from the cropped
- fields.
- Help control weeds.
- Adds organic matter to the soil and
- improves soil quality.
33Mulch and tillage effects on oxygen diffusion
rate (ODR) (10 -8 g cm -2 s -1 )
Silty loam
NT- No tillage, RT- Ridge tillage PT- Plough
tillage
Kahlon et al, 2013
34Effects of Mulching on the partitioning of ET in
wheat
Effects of Mulching on transpiration efficiency
in wheat
Mulch No mulch LSD (0.05)
Grain transpiration efficiency Kg mm -1 ha -1 14.6 16.4 1.2
Total biomass transpiration efficiency Kg mm -1 ha -1 36.6 41.4 3.1
Es T ET
Mulch 8 Mg ha-1 100 240 340
No Mulch 135 210 345
LSD (0.05) 10 26 NS
Clay loam
Singh et al , 2011
35Water Use efficiency of wheat under different
tillage and mulch
CT CT BP BP
Factors M0 M1 M0 M1
Moisture depletion (cm) 19.02 15.12 18.63 15.11
Water Use (cm) 26.05 22.15 24.37 22.18
Yield (kg ha-1) 3296 3613 3206 3782
WUE (kg ha-1cm-1) 126.5 163.2 131.6 170.5
CT Conventional tillage, BP Bed Planting
Meena et al, 2011
36Response of straw mulch on crop yield and
irrigation water saving
Crop Yield increase (kg ha-1) Irrigation water saving (cm)
Maize fodder 7500 15
Sorghum fodder 7200 23
Mentha 700 32
Sugarcane 4300 40
Potato 3900 12
Moong 100 7
Jalota et al, 2007
37Effect of Straw mulch on the root length density
of wheat
Meena et al, 2011
Clay soil
38Land configuration and Tillage
39PROMOTION OF PRECISION LAND LEVELLING
Area Covered during 2009 3.28 lac hectares
40Effects of land configuration on IW (cm) and WUE
( kg ha -1 cm-1)
Planting method Planting method Planting method Planting method Planting method Planting method
Irrigation IW IW IW WUE WUE WUE
Irrigation R BB NB R BB NB
I1 65.8 46.2 51.8 281 418 429
I2 37.6 26.4 29.6 410 617 693
I3 32.9 23.1 25.9 386 593 707
R - Ridge, BB- Broad bed, NB - Narrow bed
Loamy sand, pH- 8.3
Sidhu et al, 2005
41Influence of irrigation, tillage, and mulching on
WP (kg ha-1 mm-1) of soybean in the two soils
Loamy sand Loamy sand Sandy loam Sandy loam
Tillage Mulch 6 t ha-1 Ip If Ip If
CT M0 1.39 1.87 3.16 2.78
CT M 1.67 2.26 3.89 3.30
DT M0 1.66 2.25 3.55 2.82
DT M 1.97 2.33 3.78 3.28
CT Conventional tillage, DT -Deep tillage Ip-
Partial irrigation, If -Full irrigation
Arora et al, 2011
42Grain Yield, Evapotranspiration,WUE and Net Water
Productivity in Horsegram Under different Tillage
Practices
Method Of crop Establishment Grain Yield (kg/ha) Total ET (mm) WUE (kg/m-3 ) Net Productivity of used water (Rs m-3 )
Early sowing with minimum tillage Late sowing with minimum Tillage 1290 1060 241.3 182.8 0.60 0.58 4.85 4.30
Paira cropping without Tillage 750 188.6 0.40 2.93
CD(P0.05) 130 21.4 0.06 0.37
Singh et al, 2008
43Irrigation method and scheduling
44Indicative Worlds Irrigation Water Efficiency
Serageldin (1997)
45Irrigation Efficiencies under Different Methods
Irrigation Efficiencies Method of Irrigation () Method of Irrigation () Method of Irrigation ()
Irrigation Efficiencies Surface Sprinkler Drip
Conveyance Efficiency 40-50 (canal) 60-70 (well) - -
Application Efficiency 60-70 70-80 90
Surface water moisture evaporation 30-40 30-40 20-25
Overall efficiency 30-35 50-60 80-90
46Impact of Irrigation method On Water use
Efficiency in Cotton
Ibragimov et al (2007)
47(No Transcript)
48Date of sowing
49 CHANGE IN CROP CALENDER
Recommended Date of
Paddy Transplantation
DEPLETION IN WATER LEVEL (CM)
If paddy is transplanted after 15th June, then
net recharge and net draft balance each other in
case rainfall is normal
50Planting Pattern
51Grain yield and water productivity of wheat as
influence by planting pattern
Planting pattern Seed rate (kg ha-1) No. of spikes/m3 Grain yield (t ha-1) Water productivity (kg grain m-3 )
Bed 90 cm 80 445 6.18 2.25
Flat bed 100 426 5.28 1.26
CD (0.05) 19.84 0.343 0.11
Silty loam
Kumar et al, 2010
52Effect of Planting Pattern on yield and WUE Of
Sugarcane in Rahuri, Maharashtra
Planting Patterns Cane Yield (t/ha) Water Applied (cm) WUE (kgm3 )
Paired row Planting (0.75m) 158.8 91.4 17.37
Four row Planting (0.90m) 161.4 106.4 15.16
Normal Planting (1.0m) 136.8 193.0 7.08
Yadav et al, 2000
53Use of Anti-tranpirants
54Anti-transpirants
- Antitranspirants is any material applied to
transpiring plant surface for reducing water
losses from plant. - Nearly 99 of water absorbed by the plant is lost
in transpiration - Stomatal closing type Phenyl mercuric acetate
and Atrazine - Film forming type Plastic and waxy materials
(Mobileaf, Hexadeconol, Silicon) form a thin film
on the leaf surface - Reflectant type White material form a coating
on the leaves and increase the leaf reflectance
(5 Kaolin spray) - Growth retardant Chemicals reduce shoot growth
and increase root growth and thus enable the
plant to resist drought (Cycocel). They may also
induce stomatal closure. -
55Influence of Anti-transpirants On Water
Productivity of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.)
Treatments Mean transpiration Dry Matter production WUE
Soil Moisture Regimes gm/pot gm/pot gm /gm 104
Low 2084 8.5 40.8
High 2760 9.4 34.0
Anti-transpirant Anti-transpirant Anti-transpirant Anti-transpirant
Control 3234 8.7 8.7
PMA 2192 8.1 8.1
Kaolinite 2598 8.8 8.8
PMA Kaolinite 1818 9.2 9.2
Mobileaf 2272 10.0 10.0
Patil and De, 2006
56CONCLUSIONS
- With the increase in temperature, the PET demand
will be increased so as the crop water
requirement. - Increase in evapo-transpiration due to global
warming can put tremendous pressure on existing
over-stressed water resources. - More emphasis is needed to develop technologies
for reducing water losses, conservation of rain
water and development of crop varieties requiring
less water. - Different management strategies such as proper
irrigation methods and scheduling, use
anti-transpirants and proper management of
cultural practices enhance the yield and
decreases ET losses. - Integrated research efforts involving
agrometeorologists,, agronomists, soil water
engineers and plant breeders are required to
manage the water resources and crop water
productivity under changing climatic conditions.
- .
57THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION !!!