information tech

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Information Technology Basics
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Target,Purpose Method

• Target parents, School administrators
• Counselors and Teachers
• Purpose Provide a QUICK overview into
  information technology so the audience
  understands the skill sets needed by students to
  enter this exciting career field
• Method What follows is a snap shot summary of
  the skills covered by students in the CNS
  department at TSTC Waco

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Overview

• Computer systems internet intro
• Measurement
• Logic Numbering
• Operating systems
• Networks
• Network components
• Network services

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Computer systems

• Computer systems consists of hardware and
  software components.
• Hardware is the physical equipment such as the
  case,flopy diskdrives,keybord,monnitor ,cables,
  speakers.
• Software instructs the computer on how to
  operete.operetions may include indentifying,access
  ing,andprocessing information.

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Computer systems

• Two types of software operating systems and
  applications
• Application software accepts input from the user
  and then manipulates it to achieve a result,
  known as the output
• Operating systems (os) manages all the other
  programs in a computer.

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Computer Types

• Main Frames
• Centralized computers, usually housed in secure
  climate controlled computer rooms
• Users interface with the computers via dumb
  terminals
• Dumb terminals are low cost i/o devices, usually
  consist of a monitor,keybord.

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Computer Types

• Main Frames
• There are several disadvantages if main frames
• Character based applications
• Expensive, with a high cost for set
  up,maintance,and initial equipment
• Potential single point of failure(non-fault
  tolerant configurations)

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Computer Types

• Personal computer(PC)
• Standalone device, independent of all other
  computers.
• Graphical user interface(GUI) gained popularity
  w/users.
• PC Power has risen to the point that it can
  perform level functions.

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Computer Types

• Personal computer(PC)
• Advantages of PC computing
• Standard hardware
• GUI interface
• Low cost devices(when compared to mainframes),low
  cost of entry
• User Flexibility
• High productivity applications

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Computer Types

• Personal computer(PC)
• Disadvantages of PC computing
• Desktop computers cost, on average.
• No centralized backup.
• High management and maintained costs, although
  they are generally cheaper to maintain than
  mainframes.

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Connecting computer systems

• The pc as a standalone device may be adequate for
  a home computer, but businesses, government
  offices, and schools need to exchange information
  and share equipment and resources
• In order to do this method was developed to
  connect individual computers to share resources.
• This is called networking.
• A networking is simply a group of computers
  connected so their resources can be shared.

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Connecting computer systems

• A computer networks saves the expenses of having
  to buy peripheral equipment like printers for
  each computer.

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Birth of the internet

• Oct 1957-sputnik is launched and free
  worldfeaks.
• 1960s the U.S Department of defenses(dod)
  recognizes need to establish redundant
  communication links.
• 1970sAdvanced Research Project Agency Networks
  begins(ARPNET)
• 1980sDomain name systems introduced in
  1984,provides a map offriendlyhost names to i
  addresses

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Birth of the internet

• 1990s-ARPNET evolved into the internet, with the
  U.S government getting involved in pushing the
  development of the so called information
  superhighway
• Today, millions of sites on the World wide Web,
  with millions of hosts computers.

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Measurement related terminology

• Bit-Smallest unit of data in a computer, A bit
  takes the value of either one or zero
• Byte-A byte is a unit of measure used to
  describe the size of a data file.
• One byte8bits.
• Nibble-A nibble is half a byte or four data bits
• Octets- a series of 8bits use to turn processes
  off or on

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Measurement related terminology

• Kilobyte(KB)-A kilobyte is 1,024 or approximately
  1,000bytes
• Kilo bit(kb)-A kilobit is 1,024 or approximately
  1,000 bits
• Megabyte(MB)-A mega byte is 1048576 bytes or
  approximately 1,000,ooobytes).

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Measurement related terminology

• kilo bits per second (kbps)-kbps is a data
  transfer rate of approximately 1,000bits per
  second.
• Megabytes per second(MBps)-MBps is a data
  transfer rate of approximately 1.000,000 bytes
  per second.
• Megabits per second(Mbps) - Mbps is a data
  transfer rate of approximately 1.000,000 bits per
  second.

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Measurement related terminology

• Common measurement of the speed of a processing
  chip.
• Megahertz(MHZ)-one million cycles per second.
  Common measurement of the speed of a processing
  chip.
• Gigahertz(GHZ)-one billion(1,000,000,000)cycles
  per second.

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Boolean Logic Gates

• Computers are built from various types of
  electronic circuits these circuits depend on what
  are called AND,OR,NOT,and,NOR logic gates.
• These gates are characterized by how they respond
  to input signals.

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Boolean Logic Gates

• AND
• AND gate acts as follows if either input is off,
  the output is off.
• AND is like multiplication.

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Boolean Logic Gates
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Boolean Logic Gates

• OR
• OR gate acts as follows if either input is on,
  the output is on.
• OR is like addition.

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Boolean Logic Gates
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Boolean Logic Gates

• NOT
• A NOT gate acts as follows if the input is on,
  the output is off vice versa.
• NOT is like opposite of the input.

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Boolean Logic Gates
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Boolean Logic Gates

• NOR
• A NOR gate is a combination of the OR and NOT
  gates and should not be presented as a primary
  gate.
• A NOR gate acts as follows if either input is
  on, the output is off.

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Boolean Logic Gates
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Numbering systems

• Desimal base 10
• -uses 10 symbols
• 0 to 9
• Binary base 2
• -use3s 2 symbols
• 0,1
• Hexadecimal base 16
• Uses 16 symbols
• 0 to 9 and A to F

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Basic Functions of an operating systems

• Input-signals from the keyboard or mouse
• Processing-Manipulating data according to the
  users instructions
• Output-signals to the video screen or printer
• Storage-keeping track of files for later use.

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Operating systems

• OS are software programs that control thousands
  of operations,provide an interface between the
  user and the computer, and run applications
• An os is designed to control the operations of
  programs such as Web browsers,Word processors,
  and e-mail programs.

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Operating systems

• The basic elements of make an OS
• -User interface-A user interacts with the
  computers OS through the user interface
• -Kernel-The core of the OS.the kernel is
  responsible for loading and running programs and
  for managing input and output.
• -File management systems-what the OS uses to
  organize and manage files.

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Operating systems Functions

• Regardless of the size or complexity of the
  computer or its OS.all operating system perform
  the same basic functions
• File and folder management
• Management of applications
• Support for built in programs
• Access control to computers hardware

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Operating systems Functions
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Operating systems-Terminology

• Multi user-Two are more users running program and
  sharing peripheral devices, such as a printer, at
  the same time.
• Multi-tasking-A computers capability to run
  multiple applications at the same time.
• Multi-processing-Allows a computer to have two or
  more CPUs that program share.
• Multi-threading-the capability of a program to be
  broken into smaller parts that can be loaded as
  needed by the OS.

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Computer Networks

• A computer network is defined as having two or
  more devices such as (workstations,printers,or
  servers )that are linked together for the purpose
  of sharing information, and other resources.

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Computer Networks
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Network Administration

• The on going task of maintaining and adapting the
  network to changing conditions belongs to
  administrators and other IT support Personal.
• They evaluate new technologies and
  requirements,administrators must measure the
  benefits of the new features against
  issuses,costs,and problems they may introduce to
  the network.

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Network overview

• By using local area network and wide area network
  technologies, many computers are interconnected
  to provide services to their users.
• Two computers typically communicate with each
  other by using request/response protocols

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Peer to Peer Networks

• Networked computers act as equal partners, or
  peers, to each other, As peers each computer can
  take on the client function or the server
  function alternatively.
• A peer to peer network works well with a small
  number of computers, perhaps 10 or fewer.

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Client /server Networks

• In a client/servar network arrangement, network
  services are located in dedicated computer whose
  only function is to respond to the requests of
  clients.
• The server contains the file,print,application,sec
  urity,and other services in a central computer
  that is continuously available to respond to
  client requests.

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Local area Networks

• LANS connect many computers in a relatively small
  geographical area such as a home, an office, a
  building, or a campus
• The general shape or layout of a LAN is called
  its topology.

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Wide area Networks

• WANs connect networks across large geographical
  boundaries such as cities,states,and countries.
• WANs area connections use utility companies
  communications facilities.

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Network inter face card

• A NIC plugs into a motherboard and provides ports
  for the network cable connections it is the
  computers interface with the LAN
• Important considerations to bear in mind when
  selecting a NIC to use on a network
• -The type of network NICs are designed for
  Ethernet LANs,Token RING,FDDI.
• -the type of media-twise-pair,coaxial,fiber-optic,
  orwirless
• -The type of computer system bus-PCI or ISA

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Setting the IP Address

• In a TCP/Ip-based LANs,PCs use internet protocol
  addresses to logically identify each other
• IP addresses are unique,hierachical 32-bit binary
  numbers
• 190.100.5.54 is an example of an ip addresses
  this is known as dotted decimal annotation.
• A secondary dotted decimal number, known as the
  sub net mask, always accompanies an ip address
  the dotted decimal number 255.255.0.0 is a subnet
  mask

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Setting an IP address
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DHCP Servers

• Common and efficient way for computers on a large
  networks to obtain an ip address is through a
  Dynamic host configuration protocol servar.DHCP
  is a software utility that runs on a computer and
  is designed to assign IP addresses to PCS
• The ip address information a DHCP server can
  hand out to hosts starting up on the network
  includes the following
• -An IP Address
• -A subnet mask
• -Default Gateway

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Default Gateway

• The Default Gateway is the near side "interface
  of the router, the interface on the router to
  which the local computers network segment or wire
  attached.
• The -Default Gateway allows communication with
  other networks.

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Domain Name System

• Most hosts are identified on the internet by
  friendly computer names known as domain names.
• The Domain Name System is used to translate
  computer names such as cisco.com to their
  corresponding unique IP address.

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Physical Topologies

• Physical Topologies defines the way computer and
  other devices connected.

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Physical Topologies
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Physical vs Logical Topology

• Networks have both a physical and logical
  topology
• Logical Topologies-Refers to the paths that
  signals travel from one point on the network to
  another.thet is, the way in which data accesses
  media and transmits packets across it
• Physical Topologies Refers to the layout of the
  devices and media

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Types of Media

• Coaxial cable-cored cable surrounded by a heavy
  shielding. Uses BNC connector.
• Twisted pair-shielded and unshielded
• -shielded-shielded twisted pair cable combine the
  techniques of cancellation and the twisting g of
  wires with shielding. uses STP connector.
• Un shielded twisted pair cable is used in a
  variety of networks it has two or four pairs of
  wires uses RJ45connector

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Types of Media

• Fiber optic cable is a networking medium capable
  of conducting modulated light transmissions.

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Networking devices

• Hub device used to extend an Ethernet signal to
  allow more devices to communicate with each
  other.
• Bridges connect network segments.
• Switch is a more sophisticated device than a
  bridge uses similar logic but more ports.
• Routers are the most sophisticated
  internetworking devices

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Ethernet

• The Ethernet architecture is now the most popular
  type of LAN(media access) architecture
• The Ethernet architecture is based on the
  IEEE802.3 standard

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OSI Model

• The open systems inter connection reference mode
  is an industry standard framework that is used to
  divide the functions of networking into seven
  distinct layers.

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OSI Model
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TCP/IP

• DOD TCP/IP network model is based on the OSI
  reference model and is the predominant protocol
  suite used in networking

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TCP/IP
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IP v4 Addressing

• For any two systems to communicate, they must be
  able to logically identify and locate each other.
• This address allows one computer to locate
  another on a network.

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IP v4 Addressing

• By using the network, IP can deliver a packet to
  the destination network.
• Once the packet arrives at a router connected to
  the destination network,IP must locate the
  particular point where the destination computer
  is connected to that network.

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IP v4 Addressing

• Every IP address has two parts.
• The first part tells which network the system is
  located on
• The second part, called the the host, identifiers
  the particular, machine on that network

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NOS services

• Networking operating systems are designed to
  provide network processes to clients and peers
• Network services include the (www)World wide web
  file sharing,mail exchange, directory services
  remote management and print services.

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TCP/IP-Based Services
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Remote Access Benefits

• Some popular uses of Remote Access include the
  following
• Connecting branch offices to one another
• Providing a means for employees to connect to the
  network after business hours
• Providing the companys clients or partners
  access to network resources

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Telnet

• Telnet is the main internet protocol for creating
  a connection with a remote machine. It gives the
  user the opportunity to be on one computer system
  and do work on another
• The telnet command may be written in the follow
  ways
• telnetlthostname IP address gt
• telnet 168.35.236.2
• telnet computername.com

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Directory Services

• A Directory Services provides system
  administrations with centralized control of all
  users and resources across the entire network.
• Provides ability to organize information.

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Mail

• Mail may be the most important network process
• Mail provides users with a mechanism to send and
  receive electronic mail(e-mail)

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Mail

• Many mail servers include other features,
  including support for
• Light weight Directory Access protocol provides
  corporate address book sharing.
• Web interface programs allow clients to read and
  compose mail using a web browser.

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Types of Networks
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Scripting Environments Languages

• A script is a simple text program that allows the
  user to perform many automated tasks at once.
• Depending on their designn,scripts can range from
  single lines of code to lengthy amounts of
  programming logic.

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Domains

• A domain is a logical grouping of networked
  computers that share a central directory or
  database.
• Some advantages domains include
• Centralized administration
• A single logon process that enables users to
  access network resources.

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Summary

• So far we have covered
• Computer systems internet intro
• Measurement
• Logic Numbering
• Operating systems
• Networks
• Network components
• Network services

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