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Soil and Factors of Soil Formation

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Title: Soil and Factors of Soil Formation


1
Soil and Factors of Soil
Formation
  • By Falah Fakhri Post-doctoral
    Scholarfalah.fakhri_at_utu.fi https//www.researc
    hgate.net/profile/Falah_Fakhri https//falahfakh
    ri.wordpress.com https//twitter.com/FALAHFAKHR
    Ihttps//www.youtube.com/my_videos?oU
  • Department of Geography
    and Geology
  • Day 17/11/2014 Time 1300 13 30
    MAANTIETEEN JA GEOLOGIAN LAITOS

2
Overview
  • Soil and landscapes!
  • What is the Weathering and Soil Formation?
  • What are the Factors of Soil Formation?
  • What is the equation of Soil Formation?
  • What is the relation between Soil and
    Environment?
  • Videos

3
Soil and landscapes! (1/2)
  • Soils must be considered in the context of their
    landscapes!
  • Soils are important because they
  • Filter water
  • Regulate the flow of rivers,
  • Provide habitat for millions
  • of species of organisms,

4
Soil and landscapes! (2/2)
  • Provide water, nutrients and support
  • for plants,
  • Sequester carbon from the atmosphere,
  • Serve as a compost bin for the Earth,
  • Moderate and regulate distributions of
  • solar energy,
  • Provide a historical record of the influences
  • of climate and living organisms upon the
  • parent material from/in which the soil is
  • formed,

5
What is Weathering and Soil Formation? (1/3)
  • Pedogenesis (Soil Formation) is a complex process
    that does not follow a linear path of
    development.
  • While some Soils do form in place, most Soils
    form in
  • Mineral or Organic substrates (Parent Materials)
    that have been displaced from their source of
    origin.
  • Lets talk about some key factors regarding
  • Weathering and Soil Formation.

6
What is Weathering and Soil Formation? (2/3)
  • Weathering breaks down and alters rocks and
    minerals at or
  • near Earth's surface and is divided into Physical
    Weathering
  • and Chemical Weathering and Biological
    Weathering.
  • .

7
What is Weathering and Soil Formation? (3/3)
  • The products of weathering combine with Organic
    Material to Form the Soils.

8
What are Factors of Soil Formation? (1/8)
  • The transformation of rock into Soil is
    designated as soil formation.
  • The rocks may be Igneous, Sedimentary,
    Metamorphic,

9
What are Factors of Soil Formation? (2/8)
  • The relationship between parent material,
  • Soil Formation, and Soil may be conveniently
    expressed as follows
  • Parent material
    Soil
  • Soil formation

10
What are Factors of Soil Formation? (3/8)
  • Soil
    climate
  • Parent material
    Soil
  • (soil moisture, soil
    temperature, etc.),

11
What are Factors of Soil Formation? (4/8)
  • soil organisms
  • Parent material
    Soil
  • kinds and number of,

12
What are Factors of Soil Formation? (5/8)

  • Topography
  • Parent Material
    Soil
  • Or the shape of the
    surface of the soil system.

13
What are Factors of Soil Formation? (6/8)
  • The states of the soil system vary with time,
    i.e., they are not stable.
  • Parent material Time
    Soil (mature)
  • Initial state Intermediate states
    Final state of system
  • of system

Slow---------------------------------------------
------------------Fast 1 cm/1000yr

30cm/50yr
14
What is the equation of Soil Formation? (7/8)
  • Since the Soil -Forming factors completely define
    the Soil System, all S values must depend on cl',
    o', r', pt and t, a dependency that may be
    expressed as
  • S f' ( cl', o', r' p, t )
  • Since
  • p Parent Material
  • cl Climate
  • r Topography
  • o Biotic Activity
  • t Time

15
What is the equation of Soil Formation? (8/8)
  • This type of anthropogenic Soils refers to deep
    plowing, ripping, battlefields, trenches,
    excavations, pipelines, construction sites,
    cemeteries, broken hardened layers or pans. These
    soils show no diagnostic horizons or only
    fragments which are not arranged in any
    discernible manner.
  • Anthropogenic soils, Human induced changes of
    soil characteristics,
  • S f' ( cl', o', r' p, h, t)

16
What it is Soil? (1/1)
  • Soil is a Nature Complex Dynamic Open System it
    is formed as a result of reactions and
    intervention the impacts of Climate and Organisms
    under a certain Topography and Human during time
    on Parent material.
  • S f' ( cl', o', r' p, h, t)
  • Most soils contain four
  • basic components
  • mineral particles,
  • water, air, and organic matter.
  • Organic matter can be further sub-divided into
    humus, roots, and living organisms. The values
    given are for an average soil.

17
What is the relation between Soil and
Environment? (1/1)
  • Soil and Environment form coupled Systems. That
    is to say, many corresponding properties of the
    two Systems pass continuously from the one to the
    other.
  • Corresponding properties of the two
    Systems
  • Soil
    Environment
  • Pass continuously from the one to the
    other.

18
Videos
19
References
  • 1- Dudal R., 2004. The sixth factor of soil
    formation. Presented at the International
    Conference on Soil Classification, It is
    available in http//www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/d
    gr2/research/suitma/Dudal_6thFactor.pdf
  • 2- Jenny H. 1941 Factors of soil formation A
    System of Quantitative Pedology Foreword by
    Ronald Amundson1994. It is available in
    http//www.soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/010159.Je
    nny.pdf
  • 3- Ficklin R. L. 2008 An Introduction to Soil
    Science, it is available in http//www.afrc.uamon
    t.edu/ficklinr/SoilScienceIntroduction2008.pdf
  • 4- Cocos O. 1997. Soil-forming factors and their
    impact on the evolution of soils in the upper
    semenic mountains, Geographica Pannonica No. 1,
    11-12, It is available in http//www.dgt.uns.ac.r
    s/pannonica/papers/volume1_02.pdf
  • 5- PhysicalGeography.net http//www.physicalgeogra
    phy.net/fundamentals/contents.html
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