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Human Anatomy and Physiology Honors

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Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology Honors


1
Human Anatomy and Physiology Honors
  • Chapter 1
  • Introduction

2
Objectives
  • Define, compare, and contrast various levels and
    forms of anatomical study
  • List and describe technologies which aid in
    anatomical study
  • Define physiology
  • Define homeostasis
  • Define feed-back mechanisms and how they help the
    body maintain homeostasis
  • Define and describe various categories of disease
  • Describe the bodys levels of organization
  • List and give general descriptions of the major
    body systems
  • List, define, and describe the body planes,
    directional terms, and body regions and
    anatomical terminology associated with each
  • Identify the various body cavities and the organs
    associated with each

3
What is anatomy?
  • Anatomy is the study of the structures of an
    organism. Morphology is a term which relates to
    structure of an organism as well. The key word
    associated with anatomy is STRUCTURE.
  • Gross anatomy is the study of structure at the
    macroscopic level or with out the use of a
    microscope. Microanatomy is the study of
    structure at the microscopic level and there are
    different forms.
  • Histology study of body tissues structures and
    their functions.
  • Cytology the study of cells and their structures
    and organelle functions.
  • We will incorporate all levels of anatomical
    study in this course.

4
Levels of Anatomical Structure
Microscopic Histological and Cytological Level
Macroscopic Gross Level
5
Approaches of Anatomical Study
  • There are two ways that anatomy can be studied
  • a. Regional Approach This method focuses on a
    specific region of the body and all structures
    for that particular region from the most external
    to the most internal. (head, thorax, abdomen,
    appendages). This approach is often used in
    medical colleges when dissecting a cadaver in
    gross anatomy.
  • b. Systemic Approach This method focuses on
    particular body systems as structural units not
    where each part is located (digestive system,
    respiratory system, nervous system,
    cardiovascular system). This is the approach we
    will use for this course.

6
Technology Used for Anatomical and Physiological
Studies
  • Microscopes Light microscopes, Electron
    microscopes (scanning and transmission) and
    various other forms of microscopy allow the study
    of structures to small to viewed by the unaided
    eye.
  • X-rays Examine internal structures, however
    exposure to potentially damaging radiation is
    required.
  • MRI and CAT SCAN Imaging Images are produced
    without the use of damaging radiation.
  • Ultrasound Images are produced by sound waves
    bouncing off the object being viewed.
  • Radioisotopes Radioisotopes are released in the
    body and are tracked using equipment to follow
    their path and determine how the organ in
    question is functioning.

7
What is Physiology?
  • Physiology relates to the function of a
    structure. Remember that in biological systems
    structure often determines the function. The
    role of a particular structure plays in keeping
    the organism alive is physiology. The key word
    associated with physiology is FUNCTION.
  • Because structure and function are so closely
    related Anatomy and Physiology are often combined
    for a more complete understanding of the organism.

8
Homeostasis
  • Your body is a very complex living machine with
    billions of processes occurring every second at
    the macroscopic and microscopic level. When some
    internal or external change in the bodys
    environment occurs, the body must make
    adjustments to maintain operation at its peak or
    optimum performance. Homeostasis (same state of
    being) is the internal balance maintained by an
    organism no matter what changes occur in the
    environment (external or internal).
  • The body will make changes within its system to
    maintain this optimum state. Most of the changes
    occur autonomically (without your conscious
    control) and you are often unaware that they are
    occurring!
  • The body monitors and makes adjustments by using
    pathways know as Feed Back Mechanisms to maintain
    homeostasis.

9
Homeostasis
10
Feed Back Mechanisms
  • Feed Back Mechanisms consist of three major
    components
  • 1. Receptor Receives stimulus and monitor
    changes in the bodys internal and external
    environment and relays it to the integration
    center. (Usually a component of the peripheral
    nervous system or endocrine system, sometimes
    called a sensor).
  • 2. Integration Center Interprets stimulus and
    coordinates the proper response to re-establish
    homeostatic state. (Usually central nervous
    system and endocrine system)
  • 3. Effector Receives message from integration
    center and undergoes some change to re-establish
    homeostatic state of the body. ( Usually a
    specific body tissue, organ or body system
    component involved).

11
Homeostasis and Feed Back Mechanisms
12
Types of Feed Back Mechanisms
  • There are two primary types of feed back
    mechanisms in living organisms. They are
  • 1. Negative feedback (temperature regulation
    in humans, blood glucose level regulation), which
    causes effectors to reduce or reverse a process
    to re-establish homeostatic state.
  • 2. Positive feedback ( contractions of the
    uterus during child birth, milk let-down reflex,
    blood clotting) which tells a regulatory system
    or effectors to amplify a response to
    re-establish homeostatic state.
  • The most common type of feed back mechanism is
    the negative type.

13
Disease
  • Any changes in the body structurally or
    functionally, which interferes with the bodys
    ability to maintain homeostasis is a DISEASE.
  • There are four major categories of disease.
  • 1. Congenital
  • 2. Immunological
  • 3. Metabolic
  • 4. Neoplastic

14
Congenital Disease
  • Congenital diseases are diseases that exist prior
    to or at birth. They can be due to genetic
    disorders (Hemophilia), chromosomal disorders
    (Downs syndrome), or the failure of the fetus to
    develop properly (Spina bifida, cleft palate).

The individuals above suffer from a genetic
disorder known as Xeroderma pigmentosum. This
disease affects the skin and renders the
individuals without any protection from UV light.
Their skin literally burns when exposed to
any light source that emits UV radiation,
even from light bulbs.
15
Immunological Disease
  • Immunological diseases are caused by foreign
    organisms (pathogens) or agents (allergens,
    poisons) that enter the body and cause disease.
    Typically the invoke a response by the bodys
    immune system. Chicken pox, measles, mumps,
    strept-throat, AIDS, and allergies are all
    examples of this type of disease. In some cases
    the bodys own immune system turns on itself and
    begins to attack its own tissues. These type of
    diseases are called autoimmune diseases . Lupus
    is an example of such a disease.

The individual above is suffering from the viral
disease small pox. Small pox scars, blinds,
maims, and often kills those it infects. It has
been eradicated from the human population by
vaccination. However, scientists are worried
that it may re-emerge due to globalization, war,
and terrorism.
16
Metabolic Disease
  • Metabolic diseases are those that interfere or
    inhibit normal metabolic processes of the body.
    Graves disease (hyperthyroidism), diabetes, PKU,
    and Cushings disease are all examples of
    metabolic diseases. Injuries are also classified
    as metabolic disease because they also interfere
    with the normal metabolic processes of the body.

The British actor Marty Feldmans unique eyes
were due to the fact he suffered from Graves
disease. Unfortunately this disease also led
to his death at an early age from a heart
attack.
17
Neoplastic Disease
  • Neoplastic diseases are the result of abnormal
    cell or uncontrolled cell growth.
  • The abnormal cells grow and divide in other
    normal tissues and disrupt their normal function
    and starve them of nutrients that they need to
    survive.
  • Cancers are all examples of
  • this type of disease.

In England during 1800s there lived a man by the
name of Joseph Merrick who suffered from a
disease called Proteus syndrome. This disease
resulted in the abnormal growth of
the connective tissues (cartilage and bone) on
the right side of his body. He was so
grotesquely disfigured by the disease, that his
appearance frightened the public. He often wore
a hood over his head when in public and was
referred to as the Elephant Man.
18
Body Levels of Organization
19
Major Body Systems and Their Functions
20
Anatomical Terminology
  • We are organisms with bilateral symmetry. If our
    body were divided down the middle vertically, the
    right side is a mirror image of the left.
  • The image shows a body in anatomical position.
    Face forward with palms turned out.

21
Body Planes
  • Our body can be divided because of our bilateral
    symmetry into 3 major separate planes
  • Frontal or Coronal Plane Separates front surface
    (ventral, anterior) from the back surface
    (dorsal, posterior)
  • Transverse Plane Separates upper body (superior)
    from the lower body (inferior)
  • Mid-sagittal or Medial Plane Separates the
    right side of the body from the left side along
    the mid-line or the midsagittal line of the body.
  • A fourth type of plane is a
  • Sagittal or Paramidsagittal it is a
  • plane that divides the body vertically either to
    the right or left of the midsagittal plane. It
    is not shown in this diagram

Medial or Midsagittal Plane
22
Directional Terms
  • Superior towards the
  • upper body
  • Inferior towards the
  • lower body
  • Proximal towards the
  • point of origin
  • Distal away from the
  • point of origin
  • Medial towards the middle
  • Lateral towards the side
  • Deep towards the inside of the body
  • Superficial on the surface of the body

23
Body Regions
24
Abdominal Quadrants and Regions
  • Upper right quadrant
  • Upper left quadrant
  • Lower right quadrant
  • Lower left quadrant
  • Right hypochondriac region
  • Epigastric region
  • Left hypochondriac region
  • Right lumbar region
  • Umbilical region
  • Left lumbar region
  • Right iliac or inguinal region
  • Hypogastric or pubic region
  • Left iliac or inguinal region

25
Body Cavities
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