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1
Section 1-1
Section 1
The Nile Valley
1 of 23
Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define monarchy, dynasty, theocracy,
  bureaucracy, pharaoh, empire, polytheism,
  hieroglyphics ?

• People to Meet Narmer, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III,
  Akhenaton, Ramses II ?
• Places to Locate Nile River valley, Memphis,
  Thebes ?

Why was Egypt called the gift of the Nile?
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2
Section 1-2
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Introduction

• One of the worlds first civilizations developed
  along the in
  northeastern Africa. ?

• The Nile River valleys early inhabitants called
  the land , meaning black land, after the
  dark soil. ?
• Later, the ancient Greeks would name the Nile
  area .

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3
Section 1-3
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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A River Valley and Its People

• Egypt receives very little rain, so the Nile is
  the lifeline for the region. ?

• At miles in length, the Nile River is the
  worlds longest river. ?
• The Nile splits into many branches, forming a
  marshy, fan-shaped before emptying into the
  Mediterranean Sea.

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Section 1-4
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The Gifts of the River

• Annual flooding of the Nile deposited thick
  layers of silt to nearby land, which made this
  area extremely productive agriculturally. ?

• Nomadic hunter-gatherers of northeastern Africa
  began to settle near the Nile as early as
  B.C. ?
• The early Egyptians harvested that grew
  wild along the banks of the Nile. The long, thin
  reeds of papyrus were used to make rope, matting,
  sandals, baskets, and later on, sheets of
  paperlike writing material.

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5
Section 1-5
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Uniting Egypt

• In time, farming villages by the Nile became
  organized into small kingdoms, or , under the
  unrestricted rule of a king. ?

• By 4000 B.C., ancient Egypt consisted of two
  kingdoms, Egypt and Egypt. ?
• Around 3000 B.C. , a king of Upper Egypt,
  gathered forces and led them north to conquer
  Lower Egypt. ?
• He built a capital city at , near the former
  border of the two kingdoms.

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Section 1-6
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Uniting Egypt (cont.)

• Narmers reign became the first Egyptian , or
  line of rulers from one family. ?

• From 3000 B.C. until 332 B.C., a series of 30
  dynasties ruled Egypt. These are organized into
  three periods ?

• The Old Kingdom
• The Middle Kingdom ?
• The New Kingdom

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7
Section 1-7
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The Old Kingdom

• During the first centuries of the unified
  kingdom, Egypt and Egypt kept their
  separate identities as kingdoms. ?

• In time, Egypt built a strong national government
  under its kings and developed the basic features
  of its civilization.

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8
Section 1-8
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The Egyptian Monarchy

• Controlled from Memphis, Egypt had a , or a
  government in which the same person is both the
  religious and political leader. ?

• The god-king delegated many responsibilities to a
  , a group of government officials headed by
  the kings , or prime minister.

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9
Section 1-9
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The Pyramids A Lasting Legacy

• To honor their god-kings and to provide them with
  an eternal place of rest, the Egyptians of the
  Old Kingdom built lasting monumentsthe . ?

• Believing that a kings soul continued to guide
  the kingdom after death, the Egyptians included
  personal possesions next to the embalmed,
  mummified body in the kings burial chamber.

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10
Section 1-10
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The Middle Kingdom

• Kings in Memphis began to lose their power around
  B.C. as ambitious nobles fought each other for
  control of Egypt. ?

• Around B.C. a new dynasty reunited Egypt and
  moved the capital south to . ?
• During this Middle Kingdom period, Egypt enjoyed
  greatly increased trade, worked on irrigation
  projects, and seized new territory.

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11
Section 1-11
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The Middle Kingdom (cont.)

• In the B.C. local leaders began to challenge
  the Theban kings power. ?

• At the same time, Egypt was facing an invasion by
  the , a people from western Asia. ?
• With bronze weapons and horse-drawn chariots, the
  Hyksos defeated the Egyptians and established a
  new dynasty that would last for about years.

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Section 1-12
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The New Kingdom

• The Egyptians despised their Hyksos masters. ?

• Around B.C. , an Egyptian prince, raised an
  army and drove the Hyksos out.

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Section 1-13
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Pharaohs Rule and Empire

• Ahmose founded a new dynasty, the first of the
  New Kingdom, and assumed the title , an
  Egyptian word meaning great house of the king. ?

• Queen came to power around 1480 B.C.,
  followed by her stepson Thutmose . By the
  end of his reign, he had created an Egyptian
  empire.

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14
Section 1-14
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Akhenaton Founds a Religion

• assumed leadership about 1370 B.C. and
  declared that Egyptians should only worship ,
  the sun god. This caused turmoil among the
  people, who believed in many deities. ?

• Claiming to be Atons equal, Amenhotep changed
  his name to . ?
• Akhenaton moved the capital from Thebes to a new
  city in central Egypt.

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Section 1-15
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Akhenaton Founds a Religion (cont.)

• After Akhenatons death, the priests restored the
  old religion. ?

• They made Akhenatons successor, , move the
  capital back to Thebes.

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16
Section 1-16
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Recovery and Decline

• During the 1200s B.C. pharaohs, including
  II, or Ramses the Great, successfully worked
  to restore Egyptian prestige. ?

• After the death of Ramses II in 1237 B.C., Egypt
  weakened due to increasing invasions, and in 945
  B.C. it fell under foreign rule.

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17
Section 1-17
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Life in Ancient Egypt

• At its height Egypt had million people. ?

• Egyptian society was divided into classes,
  although ambitious lower-class people could
  improve their status somewhat.

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Section 1-18
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Levels of Egyptian Society
Class Professions ?
upper class middle class ? lower
class
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Section 1-19
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Egyptian Families

• Upper-class families were nuclear, whereas
  lower-class families also included gradparents
  and other relatives. ?

• The status of women improved over time.
  Eventually women could own property, testify in
  court, and start legal proceedings.

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20
Section 1-20
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Worshiping Many Deities

• Religion was based on , or the worship of
  many deities, and guided every aspect of life. ?

• Religion also stressed an afterlife, so Egyptians
  devoted much time and wealth to preparing for
  survival in the next world.

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21
Section 1-21
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Writing With Pictures

• In their earliest writing system, called ,
  the Egyptians carved picture symbols onto pieces
  of slate. ?

• For everyday business, the Egyptians used a
  cursive script known as , which simplified
  and connected the picture symbols.

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22
Section 1-22
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Achievements in Science

• Pyramids, temples, and other monuments bear
  witness to architectural achievements of
  artisans. ?

• These feats would not have been possible without
  advances in disciplines such as

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23
Section 1-23
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Achievements in Science (cont.)

• The Egyptians developed a number system that
  enabled them to calculate area and volume, and
  they worked out an accurate calendar. ?

• Other ancient civilizations would acquire much of
  the Egyptians knowledge, especially in medicine.

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24
Section 1-Assessment
Section 1 Assessment
Compare the reigns of Ahmose, Hatshepsut, and
Thutmose III. Which reign do you think
contributed most to Egypt? Why?
25
Section 2-1
Section 2
The Fertile Crescent
1 of 22
Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define city-state, cuneiform ?

• People to Meet the Sumerians, Sargon I, the
  Akkadians, Hammurabi ?
• Places to Locate Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia,
  Tigris and Euphrates Rivers ?

How did Sumers achievements enrich the early
culture of the Middle East?
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26
Section 2-2
Section 2 Lecture Notes
Introduction
2 of 22

• Around 5000 B.C. migrants from the Arabian
  Peninsula and the highlands near present-day
  Turkey began moving into an area called the
  , a fertile strip
  of land stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to
  the Persian Gulf. ?

• Many of these migrants settled in , the
  eastern part of the Fertile Crescent. ?
• Mesopotamia, meaning land between the rivers,
  was located on the low plain between the
  
  in present-day Iraq.

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27
Section 2-3
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Twin Rivers

• The Tigris and Rivers did not provide a
  regular supply of water flooding and drought
  were unpredictable. ?

• To control flooding and provide irrigation,
  Mesopotamian villages were forced to work
  together. ?
• By B.C., Mesopotamian farmers were producing
  food, especially grain crops, in abundance.

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28
Section 2-4
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Sumerian Civilization

• Around 3500 B.C. a people from either central
  Asia or Asia Minorthe settled in the lower
  part of the Tigris-Euphrates river valley, known
  as . ?

• Sumer became the birthplace of what historians
  have considered the worlds first cities.

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29
Section 2-5
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Sumerian City-States

• By 3000 B.C., the Sumerians had formed 12
  city-states in the Tigris-Euphrates valley,
  including , , and . ?

• A typical
  consisted of the city and the land around it. ?
• The population of each city-state ranged from
  .

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30
Section 2-6
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Sumerian City-States (cont.)

• The people of Sumer shared a common culture,
  language, and religion. ?

• City-states also shared some physical features,
  such as a , or temple, that rose above each
  city in a pyramid fashion.

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Section 2-7
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Sumerian Government

• Each city-state, under normal circumstances,
  governed itself. ?

• When facing threats such as invaders or scarce
  resources, the people typically chose a military
  leader from among themselves. ?
• By B.C., several city-states had kings and
  soon the kingships would be hereditary.

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Section 2-8
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Sumerian Government (cont.)

• A king was not only the military commander
  but also the high priest. ?

• Therefore, most governments in Sumer were not
  only monarchies but theocracies as well.

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Section 2-9
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Roles of Men and Women

• Family life was extensively controlled under
  law. ?

• Men exercised great authority over their wives
  and children, including the right to sell them
  into slavery in order to pay a debt. ?
• Women were permitted to own property, run
  businesses, and own and sell slaves.

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Section 2-10
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Writing on Clay Tablets

• , the Sumerian
  system of writing, consisted of hundreds of
  wedge-shaped markings that were pressed into wet
  clay tablets. ?

• , professionals who
  actually recorded cuneiform, studied for many
  years and often rose to high positions in
  society. ?
• Business records, lists of important dates, and
  literary works such as
  perhaps the oldest story in the worldhave
  survived in cuneiform.

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35
Section 2-11
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Sumers Many Deities

• Like the Egyptians, Sumerians practiced a
  polytheistic religion, with each deity presiding
  over a specific natural force. ?

• , the highest Sumerian
  deity, had responsibility for the seasons. ?
• Each city-state adopted a main deity whom its
  citizens worshiped. ?
• To appease their temperamental gods and
  goddesses, priests and priestesses performed
  religious ceremonies and rituals.

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36
Section 2-12
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Sumerian Inventions

• Sumerians developed. . . ?

• the to better transport goods
  and people. ?
• the to make buildings stronger.
  ?
• the wheel to
  shape containers. ?
• a number system based on . ?
• a calendar based
  on the cycles of the moon. ?
• , which is made from
  copper and tin. ?
• a metal .

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37
Section 2-13
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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First Mesopotamian Empires

• After a long period of conquest, the Sumerian
  city-states eventually fell to foreign invaders
  in the B.C.
  ?

• These invaders were inspired by dreams of empire.

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Section 2-14
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Sargon Leads the Akkadians

• The first empire builder in Mesopotamia was
  ?

• His people, the , were
  nomadic Semites who had migrated from the Arabian
  Peninsula to the Fertile Crescent around 5000
  B.C. and established a kingdom called
  in northern
  Mesopotamia. ?
• Sargon I assumed power in Akkad around
  B.C. and immediately launched a huge
  military campaign of expansion.

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Section 2-15
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Sargon Leads the Akkadians (cont.)

• 
  conquests united all of the city-states of
  Mesopotamia into one empire. ?

• Under Sargons rule, the people of Mesopotamia
  began to use the
  language instead of Sumerian. However, the
  Akkadians adopted various Sumerian religious and
  practices.

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Section 2-16
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Kingdom of Ebla

• , on the trade route between
  Egypt and Mesopotamia, was a very wealthy and
  powerful city-state. ?

• Ebla controlled and demanded a tribute from a
  number of neighboring towns. ?
• Kings of were elected for
  seven-year terms, and a council could remove them
  if they failed in their jobs. ?
• The , a Semitic people
  from western Syria, destroyed Ebla sometime
  around 2000 B.C.

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41
Section 2-17
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Hammurabis Babylonian Empire

• The expanded into
  Mesopotamia and set up dynasties in many of the
  Sumer city-states. ?

• , a ruler who
  would dominate Mesopotamia, rose out of the
  dynasty in Babylon.

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Section 2-18
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Hammurabis Babylonian Empire (cont.)

• 
  organized a strong government and eventually
  brought the entire region under his control. ?

• Under his rule, traders from as far away as India
  and China paid gold and silver for
  grain and cloth.

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Section 2-19
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Hammurabis Law Code

• Historians consider Hammurabis greatest
  achievement his effort to make justice appear in
  the land. ?

• He created codea code of law that
  consisted of sections dealing with most aspects
  of daily life.

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Section 2-20
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Hammurabis Law Code (cont.)

• These laws clearly stated violations and
  punishments. ?

• Instead of fining violators, the code exacted
  , and a tooth for a tooth. ?
• Government assumed the responsibility of
  protecting its citizens in exchange for loyalty
  and service.

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Section 2-21
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Babylonian Society

• Babylonian society was broken into three classes.
  ?

• top
• middle ?
• bottom ?

• Laws were applied differently according to the
  class of the person offended against.

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Section 2-22
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Decline and Fall

• After Hammurabis death, the Babylonian Empire
  declined. It was eventually taken over by the
  , a people from Asia Minor, around 1600
  B.C.

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47
Section 2-Assessment
Section 2 Assessment
Contrast Hammurabis code with earlier Sumerian
law. Which do you think served justice better?
Explain.
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Section 3-1
Section 3
Early South Asia
1 of 11
Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define subcontinent, monsoon ?

• People to Meet the Harappans ?
• Places to Locate Indus River valley, Harappa,
  Mohenjo-Daro ?

How did people of the Indus River valley
civilization build cities?
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49
Section 3-2
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Introduction

• A third civilization, larger than both Egypt and
  Sumer, arose in the
  in South Asia. ?

• It reached its height between 2500 B.C. and 1500
  B.C.

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50
Section 3-3
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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The Subcontinent

• Three modern nationsIndia, Pakistan, and
  Bangladeshtrace their roots to the Indus Valley
  civilization. ?

• These nations lie on the of South Asia, a
  large, triangular-shaped landmass that juts into
  the Indian Ocean.

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51
Section 3-4
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Bounded by Mountains

• The and the
  mountain ranges separate the
  South Asian subcontinent from the heart of Asia. ?

• Throughout history, invaders entering the
  subcontinent by land have had to cross the few
  high mountain passes of the Hindu Kush to get to
  the fertile plains at their southern base. ?
• Three major rivers flow across the wide plains of
  South Asiathe
  .

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52
Section 3-5
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Seasonal Winds

• Cold air masses from the north are blocked by the
  mountains, leaving the weather mild in South
  Asia. ?

• Two seasonal winds called affect the
  region. The northeast, or winter, monsoon blows
  from November to March and the southwest, or
  summer, monsoon from June to September.

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53
Section 3-6
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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The Indus Valley Civilization

• Less than a century ago, archaelogists identified
  an ancient civilization in South Asia. ?

• They dated this civilization to about B.C.

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Section 3-7
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Centrally Planned Cities

• The Harappan civilization had at least two major
  cities along the Indus River ?

• , located in present-day
  Pakistan ?
• , located near the
  Arabian Sea ?

• The ruins of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are
  excellent examples of urban planning. ?
• A was built on a brick
  platform overlooking each city.

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Section 3-8
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Centrally Planned Cities (cont.)

• Streets were skillfully laid out in a grid
  pattern of straight streets crossing each other
  at right angles. ?

• The used oven-baked bricks to
  build houses some were several stories
  high. ?
• Almost every house had a bathroom with drains and
  chutes connected to a system under the
  streets.

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56
Section 3-9
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Harappan Life

• Most Harappans were farmers who, by creating a
  food surplus, allowed city dwellers to engage in
  industry and commerce. ?

• Trade was established with Mesopotamia as early
  as B.C.

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Section 3-10
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Language and Religion

• There is a lack of surviving written records from
  the civilization, leaving artifacts as the
  only true clues. ?

• Animal and humanlike figures suggest that the
  Harappans worshiped gods associated with natural
  forces. ?
• By B.C., the Harappan civilization had
  vanished, possibly from floods or invaders.

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58
Section 3-11
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Collapse of a Civilization

• By 1500 B.C., the Harappan civilization had
  vanished. ?

• Historians theorize that possibly floods or
  invaders caused this collapse.

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59
Section 3-Assessment
Section 3 Assessment
What do archaeological clues suggest about the
decline and collapse of the Indus Valley
civilization?
60
Section 4-1
Section 4
Early China
1 of 11
Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define mandate ?

• People to Meet Yu the Great ?
• Places to Locate Huang He valley, Anyang ?

What were the major contributions of early
Chinese civilization?
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61
Section 4-2
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Introduction

• For many centuries the lived in relative
  isolation and saw themselves as the of the
  world. ?

• The lack of outside contacts allowed the Chinese
  to develop one culture across many regions and a
  strong sense of national unity as well. ?
• has the oldest continuous
  civilization in the world.

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62
Section 4-3
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Chinas Geography

• Chinas varied has affected its historical
  development. ?

• , which make up about
  one-third of Chinas area, hindered cultural
  diffusion both into and out of China. ?
• On the east, Chinas coastline touches the
  Ocean.

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Section 4-4
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Chinas Geography (cont.)

• Eastern China contains a number of fertile river
  valleys and plains with three major rivers ?

• (Yellow River) ?
• (Yangtze) ?
• (West River) ?

• A favorable climate, plenty of rainfall, and
  fertile soil made the North China Plain a very
  successful farming area.

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Section 4-5
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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The Shang Dynasty

• Very little is known about the of Chinese
  civilization. ?

• Neolithic finds dated to earlier than 5000 B.C.
  make it clear that the
  invited
  settlement from very early times.

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65
Section 4-6
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Chinese Myths

• The Chinese developed many myths to explain the
  past. ?

• , according to myth,
  hatched the universe from an egg. ?
• Also according to myth,
  , a miraculous engineer, founded Chinas
  first dynastythe
  around 2000 B.C. ?
• The first dynasty to be dated from written
  records in China is the , which ruled from
  about 1700 B.C. to 1000 B.C.

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Section 4-7
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Early Religion

• Shang kings were also high and, as in
  many other early civilizations, were responsible
  for both government and religious affairs. ?

• They communicated with ancestors or predicted the
  future by having priests interpret

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Section 4-8
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Important Achievements

• The Shang priests who wrote on the bones
  used a script with many characters. ?

• These characters represented objects, ideas, or
  sounds and were written in vertical columns. ?
• This script grew into characters that were
  hard to memorize therefore, few people in
  ancient could read or write.

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68
Section 4-9
Section 4 Lecture Notes
9 of 11
Important Achievements (cont.)

• The Chinese had mastered , pottery, and . ?

• The Chinese built their first cities under
  the Shang dynasty, and archaeologists have
  identified seven capital cities, including
  .

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69
Section 4-10
Section 4 Lecture Notes
10 of 11
Expansion and Decline

• Shang kings, with superior weapons, eventually
  took over much of the Huang He valley. ?

• The Shang dynasty lacked strong leaders and, in
  time, became weak. ?
• Around 1000 B.C., , the ruler of a former
  Shang territory in the northwest, killed the
  Shang king and established a new dynasty, known
  as the , which lasted for 800 years.

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70
Section 4-11
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Many Centuries of Dynasties

• The Chinese believed that their rulers governed
  through a principle known as the

• If their rulers were just and effective, they
  received a , or authority to rule, from
  heaven. ?
• If rulers did not govern properly, they lost the
  mandate to someone else. ?
• The Mandate of Heaven first appeared during the
  dynasty.

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Section 4-Assessment
Section 4 Assessment
Explain the basic features of the Chinese writing
system as it developed in early times. How
widespread was the use of this method of writing
in China under the early dynasties?