Black Holes: The Inside Story

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Black HolesThe Inside Story

• Presented by
• Robert E. Strong
  strongro_at_westliberty.edu
• Elizabeth (Libby) A. Strong
  strongli_at_westliberty.edu
• Richard J. Pollack
  astronomy_at_smartcenter.org
• From West Liberty State College SMART-Center
• Near Earth Object Foundation

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Black HolesThe Inside Story

• Presented by
• Robert E. Strong
  strongro_at_westliberty.edu
• Elizabeth (Libby) A. Strong
  strongli_at_westliberty.edu
• Richard J. Pollack
  astronomy_at_smartcenter.org
• In an effort to be environmentally friendly
• Complete copies of this presentation can be found
  at
• www.smartcenter.org/

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Aristotle (384-322 BC)
• Great thinker - lousy experimentalist
• Qualitative, not Quantitative
• But, that did not stop us from using his ideas
  for nearly 1,800 years as unquestioned facts

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Aristotle (continued)
• Everything has a tendency to fall from up to
  down, toward the Earth
• Heavy objects fall faster than do light objects
• ACTIVITY - Falling

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
• Great experimentalist
• Proves that all bodies fall at the same rate when
  taking into account air resistance
• ACTIVITY - geometry counts in falling

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
• Stood on Galileos shoulders and took his ideas
  further and deeper
• Gravity as a force at a distance
• Force of gravity varies as the inverse square of
  the distance between centers

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Force of Gravity is a Law of Universal
  Gravitation
• Where
• Fg force of gravity
• m1 and m2 are masses
• r distance between the centers of mass

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• John Michell (1724-1793)
• Brilliant scientist, in 1784 pointed out that a
  star that was sufficiently massive and compact
  would have such a strong gravitational force that
  light would not be able to escape the surface,
  making a Dark Star

No Picture Found
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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• John Michell, using Newtons ideas of gravity as
  a force, saw that if a strong enough gravity were
  at the surface, that not only could material
  objects not leave the surface, but light itself
  may bend and be trapped

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Henry Cavendish (1731-1810)
• Finishes the work of Michell (did the set-up
  experiment) and Newton, and determines G the
  Gravitational Constant in 1797

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Simon Pierre LaPlace (1749-1827)
• Independently suggested the Michell idea of a
  Dark Star in his early writings and works
• Later editions left the Dark Star idea out

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
• In 1916 offers the Theory of General Relativity
• Suggests that gravity is not a force, but rather
  is a curvature in space and time
• Gravity is geometry

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas
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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Karl Schwarzchild (1873-1916)
• In 1916 used Einsteins General Relativity to
  define a Black Hole
• Defined the event horizon gravitational radius
  of a black hole AKA the Schwarzchild Radius

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Schwarzchild Radius
• Escape Velocity
• Set (Celeritas)
• Solve for the radius

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for an Earth mass
• G 6.6742x10-11 m3/kg/s2
• me 5.9742x1024kg
• c 2.9979x108 m/s
• c2 8.9874x1016 m2/s2
• rs 8.8731x10-3m

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• ACTIVITY - How big is this?
• If rs 8.8731x10-3m
• A US dime has a radius of 8.955x10-3m
• Or about 1 greater than the Schwarzchild Radius
  for the mass of the Earth compressed into a Black
  Hole

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• If the Earth has a Schwarzchild Radius rs
  8.8731x10-3m
• This is 7.1863x108 times smaller in radius
• With a density of 3.7112x1026 times greater

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Schwarzchild Radius
• What happens when we multiply the mass of a
  matter object, i.e. clay, 2 times?
• ACTIVITY - look at the above equation
• Note

2 small matter objects of rm 1 2 x Radius
1.2599 rm Volume 2 x Density 1 x
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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Schwarzchild Radius
• What happens when we multiply mass of a Black
  Hole 2 times?
• ACTIVITY - look at the above equation
• Note

2 small Black Holes of rs 1 2 x Radius 2
rs Volume 8 x Density 0.25 x
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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Schwarzchild Radius
• What happens when we multiply the mass of a
  matter object, i.e. clay, 10 times?
• ACTIVITY - look at the above equation
• Note

10 small matter objects of rm 1 10 x Radius
2.1544 rm Volume 10 x Density 1 x
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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Schwarzchild Radius
• What happens when we multiply mass of a Black
  Hole 10 times?
• ACTIVITY - look at the above equation
• Note

10 small Black Holes of rs 1 10 x Radius
10 rs Volume 1,000 x Density 0.01 x
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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• ACTIVITY - Reflections
• Same Matter objects addition rules
• Radius
• Volume
• Density
• Same Black Holes addition rules
• Radius rs x mass multiplier
• Volume
• Density

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• ACTIVITY
• Simulation via Paper Clips, Balloons, and
  nanoLight Second Strings
• Same Matter objects addition rules
• Radius cluster on nls string rm x (mass
  multiplier)1/3
• Volume rm x (mass multiplier)
• Density same as rm
• Same Black Holes addition rules
• Radius chain length on nls string rs x mass
  multiplier
• Volume discover and discuss
• Density discover and discuss

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Arthur A. Eddington (1882-1944)
• In 1919 experimentally verified General
  Relativity by observing star light curving next
  to the Sun during a solar eclipse
• Thought no Black Holes

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995)
• Pioneered work on stellar evolution end states
• Supernovae
• White Dwarfs
• Neutron Stars
• Black Holes

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Mass is the
Defining (final) Word

• Still mostly theory numbers will range
• Limit of mass for a White Dwarf 1.35 to 2.1 solar
  masses (lt 1.44)
• Neutron Star limits 2-3 solar masses
• Any stellar mass gt 5 solar masses will become a
  Black Hole

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Mass is easily
found in the dance

• The mass of an object determines if it is a Main
  Sequence Star, White Dwarf, Neutron Star, or
  Black Hole
• Best way to determine the mass of a star is if it
  is a part of a binary system

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• John Wheeler (1911-)
• Worked in General Relativity, gravitational
  collapse, and quantum gravity
• Coined the phrase Black Hole in 1967

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Kip Thorn (1940-)
• Student of Wheeler
• Long time friend and colleague of Stephen Hawking
  (on-going bets)
• Expert on General Relativity, Black Holes,
  Relativity, Time Travel, Wormholes, and White
  Holes

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Popular Ideas
Wormholes
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Black Holes - the Inside Story Popular Culture
Black Holes and Wormholes
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Black Holes - the Inside Story Wormholes in
fiction
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Black Holes - the Inside Story Wormholes

• Wormholes have the problem of the pathways
  becoming unstable if the Black Hole is rotating
• Spatiotemporal frame dragging occurs - this
  pinches off the pathway separating the two ends

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Black Holes,
Wormholes, White Holes, Quasars

• Problem with using a Black Hole / Wormhole (if
  stable) for getting around the universe is the
  difficulty of tidal forces and
• the horror of under going Fractal
  Spaghettification

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Black Holes,
Wormholes, White Holes, Quasars
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Black Holes - the Inside Story Black Holes,
Wormholes, White Holes, Quasars
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Black Holes - the Inside Story Black Holes,
Wormholes, White Holes, Quasars and Scale
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Black Holes - the Inside Story As Cosmic Bull
Dozers

• Active Galactic Nuclei, i.e., Quasars, or super
  massive Black Holes at the center of a galaxy may
  create cavities and voids of extra-galactic
  material and may move the material for entire
  clusters of galaxies over billions of years
• Shaping the galactic fabric of the Universe on
  the grandest of scales tens of millions ly across

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Milky Way
Monster?

• Does the Milky Way Galaxy have a super massive
  Black Hole at its center like most galaxies?
• Watch the latest evidence - you decide
• Remember a compact object gt 5 solar masses is a
  Black Hole!

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Milky Way
Monster!

• The video shows ten years of observation and
  extrapolation by Prof. Ghez of stars at the core
  of the Milky Way Galaxy orbiting about an object
  of 4 million solar masses!
• Watch SO-2 and SO-16

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Stephen Hawking (1942-)
• One of the greatest minds of our time
• Along with Thorne, Hawking has pushed the
  envelope of our understanding of the Universe via
  General Relativity Black Holes

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Hawking
Radiation

• Stephen Hawking 1970 predicted micro-Black Holes
  may exist and could evaporate via to Hawking
  Radiation

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Hawking
Radiation

• Hawking Radiation, if it exists makes micro Black
  Holes bright in radiation of photons and
  particles
• Eventually the micro Black Holes will evaporate
  in a gamma-ray burst
• None found to date

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas

• Jocelyn Bell-Burnell (1943-)
• 1967 Discovered Pulsars
• And thus Neutron Stars
• Solved the LGM-1 mystery
• Poster person for dealing with the men only -
  good ol boys science club

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Discovers
Pulsars / Neutron Stars

• Crab Nebula with Pulsar / Neutron Star rotating
  at 30 / seconds

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Pulsar
Lighthouse
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Black Holes - the Inside Story Neutron Stars -
almost there

• Pulsar Jets - Radiation

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Cygnus X-1, a
Binary Stellar Black Hole?
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Black Holes - the Inside Story Cygnus X-1
diagram
20-35 Solar Masses
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Black Holes - the Inside Story 1.0 Solar Mass
Black Hole

• ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for a Solar Mass
• G 6.6742x10-11 m3/kg/s2
• ms 1.9884x1030 kg
• c 2.9979x108 m/s
• c2 8.9874x1016 m2/s2
• rs 2.9532x103 m 3 km

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Black Holes - the Inside Story 1.0 Solar Mass
Black Hole Unit

• Thus the Schwarzchild Radius rs for a 1.0 Solar
  Mass Black Hole is
• 3 km
• Looking at the equation
• We see that to estimate the size of a Black
  Holes Schwarzchild radius or radius of the event
  horizon, we only need to use mass units in solar
  masses and multiply by 3km

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Black Holes - the Inside Story MWG 4 Million
Solar Mass BH

• ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for 4 million SM
• m4Msm 4x106 Solar Masses x 3 km/Solar Mass
• rs 1.2x107 km
• 40 light seconds

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Black Holes - the Inside Story MWG 400 Billion
Solar Mass BH

• ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for Milky Way
  Galaxy
• mmwg 400x109 Solar Masses x 3 km/Solar
  Mass
• rs 1.2x1012 km
• 4.003x106 light seconds
• 0.127 light Years

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Universe 80
Billion Galaxy Mass BH

• ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for mass of
  Universe
• mu 80x109 MWG x 1.2x1012 km
• rs 9.6x1022 km
• 3.202x1017 light seconds
• 1.015x1010 light Years

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Universe Total
Mass Black Hole

• ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for entire mass
  dark matter Dark Energy of Universe
• Universe thought to be
• 73 Dark Energy
• 23 cold Dark Matter
• 4 Matter (80x109 MWG)
• Mutotal 80x109 MWG x 1.2x1012 km x ( 25)
• rs 2.4x1024 km
• 8.0x1018 light seconds
• 2.5x1011 light Years

Dark Energy
Dark Matter
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Black Holes - the Inside Story Implications of
a Universe Total Mass BH

• ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for entire mass
  dark matter Dark Energy of Universe
• Universe thought to be
• 73 Dark Energy
• 23 cold Dark Matter
• 4 Matter (80x109 MWG)
• 2.5x1011 light Years or 250 Billion light
  years
• If the comoving distance to the edge of the
  visible universe is about 46.5 billion light
  years ?age (the age is 13.730.12 Billion years)

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Black Holes - the Inside Story What is it like
in a Black Hole?

• ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for entire mass
  dark matter Dark Energy of Universe
• IF rs for the entire mass of the universe
  2.5x1011 light Years or 250 Billion light years
• IF the comoving distance to the edge of the
  visible universe is about 46.5 Billion light
  years
• THEN we are presently within the event horizon of
  a Black Hole having the mass of the entire
  Universe with room to spare

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Black Holes - the Inside Story What is it like
in a Black Hole2?

• ACTIVITY - Lets try to make sense of all this
• IF rs for the entire mass of the universe 250
  Billion light years
• IF the real radius of the visible universe 46.5
  billion light years
• THEN we and all we know are presently / actually
  within the event horizon of a Black Hole
• THEN a Universe sized Black Hole does not have a
  singularity at its core, just look around you

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Black Holes - the Inside Story The History of
Gravity Ideas continues

• Robert E. Strong (1958-)
• Modeling wormholes with soap bubbles
• Trying to keep up with the fun of it all
• Constantly wondering about the cosmic
  perspective

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Black Holes - the Inside Story Discussions,
Questions, Sharing

• Please feel free to contact us
• Note the Power Point is found at
  www.smartcenter.org/blackhole
• Presented by
• Robert E. Strong
  strongro_at_westliberty.edu
• Elizabeth (Libby) A. Strong strongli_at_westlibert
  y.edu
• Richard J. Pollack
  astronomy_at_smartcenter.org
• From West Liberty State College SMART-Center
• Near Earth Object Foundation