From Disorder to Beauty and Hope:

1
Chapter 6

• From Disorder to Beauty and Hope
• The Road to the Renaissance
• 1300 1500 A.D.

2
Decline of Unity

• Church-State Conflicts
• Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV (France)
• Strong papacy strong monarchy
• Represented growth of the two institutions over
  the previous several generations
• 1302 A.D. Pope Boniface VIII issued Unam Sanctam
• Latin title meaning - one holy
• Stating that all rulers are subject to the pope
  and that it was necessary for salvation for all
  people to be subject to the pope
• Powerful statement of papal authority
• Philip responds by calling a council in 1303
  (Louvre)
• Accused Boniface of simony, demon possession,
  illegal election
• Sent troops to attack Boniface (Outrage of
  Anagni)
• Physically abuse leading to Bonifaces death one
  month later

3
Aftermath of Dispute

• Clement V elected pope
• Bishop of Bordeaux (France) sympathetic
  intimidated by Philip IV
• Persuaded to reside in Avignon instead of Rome
• Heavy French influence on the Church
• 23 out of 24 cardinals elevated were French
• Successors stabilizing Avignon Papacy
• Various actions securing papal stronghold
• Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy
• Period during which the pope resided in Avignon
• Lasted from 1309 to 1377 A.D.
• Reference to the Jewish captivity in Babylon

4
Avignon
5
Return to Rome

• Efforts to return
• Innocent VI (1352) laid the groundwork for a
  return to Rome
• Catherine of Siena eventually convinced Gregory
  XI to return to Rome in 1377
• Impact of Avignon Captivity
• Increased church taxes and benefices (favors)
• Increased use of indulgences
• Leading to corruption (cause of Protestant
  Reformation)
• Increased influence of cardinals over the pope
• Would eventually impact papal elections

6
Popes and Anti-popes

• Nine of the sixteen cardinals that elected
  Gregory XI were French, causing anger among the
  Roman population
• Compromise election of Urban VI from Bari,
  Italy
• Problem did not agree with the cardinals that
  elected him
• Reduced the power of the office of cardinal
• Rogue election of Clement VII by French cardinals
• Mutual excommunication of Urban and Clement
• Urban (Rome) / Clement (Avignon)
• Entangling alliances to secular leaders
• Secular leaders took sides ? the Western Schism

7
Great Western Schism

• Chaotic period in Church history lasting from
  1378 to 1417 A.D. during which two and then three
  rivals claimed papal authority
• Popes in 1414 A.D.
• Gregory XII in Rome
• Benedict XIII in Avignon
• John XXIII in Pisa

8
End of the Schism

• John XXIII forced to call a council in Constance,
  Italy
• Resignation of Gregory XII
• Exile of Benedict XIII
• Arrest of John XXIII
• Martin V elected as the true successor of St.
  Peter held office from 1417 to 1431 A.D.

9
Conciliarism

• Conciliarism
• Belief that Church councils have greater
  authority that the pope
• Council of Constance 1417 A.D.
• Hanc Sancta text
• Frequens text
• Question Who should have more authority, the
  pope as Vicar of Christ or councils?

10
Black Death

• Bubonic Plague a.k.a. Black Death
• Major epidemic that swept through Europe during
  the 14th century that killed an estimated 25
  million people
• Given the name Black Death because of the
  physical appearance of victims
• Introduction and Spread
• Carried by rats aboard ships first in Genoa,
  Italy
• Quickly spread throughout the continent by
  travel, trade, and flies
• Major impact on all aspects of European life

11
Spread of the Black Death
12
Impact on Religious Life

• The Plague did not spare religious men and women
• Reduction in the number and quality of local
  priests and monastic communities
• Priests received little or no training before
  exercising their ministry
• Less priests ? less access to the sacraments
• Large numbers of people left without consolation
• Lack of evangelization or teaching of the
  faithful
• Monasticism in England forever weakened
• Less monks led to monasteries falling into
  disrepair

13
Responses

• Search for scapegoats and miracle cures
• Various explanations were offered
• End of the world to enemies poisoning water
• Anti-Semitic theories
• People tried superstitious practices
• Witchcraft
• Religious rites and images as protection
• Related to the belief that the Plague was a
  punishment
• Focus on death and the afterlife
• Images of purgatory and Hell
• Desire of people to have Mass said for their
  souls
• Part of what would lead to the Protestant
  Reformation

14
Ever-Changing Geography

• Two major events would shape the future of
  Christianity during the 15th century
• Fall of Constantinople in the East
• End of the former Roman Empire
• Spread of Christianity in the West
• Beginnings of Christianity in the New World

15
Relations with the East

• 1439 Union of Florence
• A short-lived agreement between leaders of
  Eastern and Western Christianity on certain
  doctrines of faith
• Eastern delegates sent to seek help from the West
  because Muslim forces threatened Constantinople
• Agreed to accept papal supremacy
• Eastern delegates met opposition at home
• Mob attacked Hagia Sophia, forced delegates to
  negate the agreement
• 1453 Final Siege of Constantinople
• Moscow ? Third Rome

16
Western Opportunity and Chaos

• 15th century Spain was a major factor regarding
  modern Christianity
• 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella
• Two Christian rulers with the goal of riding
  Spain of all non-Christians
• Being a Christian and a loyal citizen one in the
  same
• Ferdinand and Isabella
• Two of the most influential Christian monarchs

17
Spanish Inquisition

• 1478 Sixtus IV (1296) begins the Spanish
  Inquisition
• The process in Spain for identifying and
  punishing non-Christians and those said to be
  heretics
• 1483 Tomas de Torquemada named Grand Inquisitor
  to correct abuses
• Responsible for torturing and burning over 2000
  Jews to force conversion
• Became one of the darkest periods in Church
  history
• Another cause of the Protestant Reformation

18
A Whole New WorldAt home and abroad

• 1492 Key Year
• Ferdinand and Isabella gained complete control of
  Spain from the Muslims
• Also expelled all Jews from Spain
• Conversos
• Jews and Muslims who converted to Christianity,
  either willingly or unwillingly following the
  Christian takeover of Spain
• Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue
• Christianity would soon emerge on a new stage

19
Renaissance

• Period from 1304 to 1576 A.D. time of renewal in
  Western Europe
• Renaissance term for rebirth or revival
• The humanistic revival of classical art,
  architecture, literature, and learning
• Focus on the human form in intellectual and
  artistic activity to demonstrate the importance
  of the human person in the world (creation)
• Return to classical Greek art styles
• Blend Christianity with the teachings of the
  Greek philosophy and culture
• Fostered an overall sense of human creativity and
  ingenuity

20
Renaissance Artists

• Two main figures of the Renaissance
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
• Artist, scientist, inventor, scholar
• Remembered as a true Renaissance Man
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
• Poet, sculptor, painter
• La Pieta statue of Mary hold the crucified Jesus
• Sistine Chapel private papal chapel
• Tomb of Julius II elaborate sculpture

21
Michelangelos Work
La Pieta
Tomb of Julius II
Sistine Chapel
22
Renaissant Dissent

• The Renaissance encouraged people to analyze and
  evaluate their lives
• Led to the questioning of beliefs and structures
• Precursors to the Protestant Reformation
• John Wyclif (1324-1384)
• Argued that Scripture was more important than
  Tradition for Christian teaching
• Argued that Christ, alone, was head of the Church
• John Hus (1369-1415)
• Called for a return to Gospel poverty and
  simplicity
• Condemned at the Council of Constance executed
• Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498)
• Fiery preacher who sought reform in Florence,
  Italy
• Criticized the pope for immorality
• Attacked, tortured, and burned as a heretic by an
  angry mob

23
Chapter 7

• Challenge and Response
• The Church in Disunity
• 1500 1600 A.D.

24
The Protestant Reformation

• Political and religious event beginning in 16th
  century
• Resulted in the division of Western Christianity
  into Catholic and Protestant faiths
• Total transformation of the political and
  religious landscape of Western Europe
• Major impact on Christianity in the modern era
• Begun with a debate over indulgences
• Initial intention reform the existing Church not
  create a number of different religions

25
Protestant Reformers

• The Protestant Reformation is so named because
  its members initially protested certain practices
  of the Church in an attempt to reform it from
  within
• Reformers saw themselves in the same light as
  previous reformers such as Benedict and Gregory
  the Great
• Once they felt that reform was unlikely, new
  churches were started with the attempt to return
  to a true Christianity as instituted by Christ
• By the middle of the 16th century the reformers
  differed about the movement and founded new
  Christianities with various beliefs

26
Causes of Reformation

• Extravagant lifestyle of Church leaders
• Secular and religious influence and power
• Buying and selling of Church offices
• Positions for sale rich families control
  appointments
• Poorly trained and uneducated lower clergy
• Effect of the Black Death
• Lack of systematic educational system
• Spirituality of Laypeople
• Flowing from the Renaissance, humanism sparked a
  desire for learning among the common people

27
Causes (cont)

• Nationalism
• Fade of the Holy Roman Empire
• City-states joining together regional then
  national identity
• Discovery of New Lands
• Opening of Europe to the outside world growing
  importance of the laity
• Invention of the Printing Press
• 1455 Johannes Gutenberg prints first book, the
  Bible
• More people access to the Scriptures in the
  vernacular
• Rise of the Middle Class and Social Unrest
• Taxation issues Peasants Revolt of 1525-26 A.D.

28
Beginnings

• Martin Luther is credited with beginning the
  Reformation, but he was reacting to practices
  that many felt needed to be addressed
• October 31, 1517 Wittenberg, Germany
• Fr. Martin Luther O.S.A sent a letter to
  Archbishop Albrecht outlining some issues with
  the current state of affairs in the Church
• Focusing on indulgences and the sacrament of
  Reconciliation
• Attempt was to stimulate debate not fracture the
  faith
• Luthers ideas became known as the 95 Theses
• Would become one of the most famous documents in
  world history

29
Martin Luther

• Augustinian priest and university professor
• Focus of study, Church Fathers and Scripture
• Influential and well-respected among peers
• Key doctrine
• Justification is through faith alone and the
  Bible is the sole source of religious truth

30
Luther and Indulgences

• Luther attacked the practice of selling
  indulgences
• Indulgences
• The remission before God of the temporal
  punishment due to sin the guilt of which has
  already been forgiven
• Indulgences sold to raise money to rebuild St.
  Peters Basilica in Rome
• Message spread quickly through Europe
• 1518 Luther condemned at Augsburg and prodded to
  recant his Theses
• CCC 1475 Communion of Saints

31
Break with Catholicism

• 1520 Pope Leo X issued Exsurge Domine
• Papal bull excommunicating Luther unless he
  retracted his beliefs
• Luther responded by gathering some students and
  burning the document
• 1521 Leo X counters with another papal bull
• Decet Romanum Pontificem
• Formal excommunication of Luther
• Diet of Worms (vertz)
• Meeting of the leadership of the Holy Roman
  Empire during which Luther refused to recant his
  beliefs

32
Break (cont)

• At Worms, Luther refused to recant (pg. 153)
• Charles V issued the Edict of Worms
• Declaring Martin Luther a heretic who could be
  punished by death
• Led to the spread of Luthers ideas
• Luther fled in exile to Wartburg to refine his
  theology and translate another German edition of
  the Bible
• Other reformers used Luthers arguments to
  support their own issues
• Beginning of a snowball effect

33
Peasants Revolt

• The turmoil caused by Luther and the Churchs
  response led to the Peasants Revolt
• A series of uprisings by German peasants against
  their landowners
• 130,000 peasants killed during these uprisings
• Luther and his reforms now used as political
  arguments
• Was this what Luther intended?

34
Attempts at Reunion

• For three decades, attempts were made to
  reconcile differences to foster unity
• Peace of Augsburg, 1555 A.D.
• The prince or king of each state could select
  either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official
  religion of the territory
• People who didnt want to join the local religion
  could move to a different territory
• Thus, Luthers call for scholarly debate had
  become the basis for a state-supported religion
  separate from Catholicism
• Western Christianity remains fragmented today

35
Differences in Teaching

• Initially, the reformers focused on ridding the
  Church of corrupt practices
• As time passed, several key theological positions
  were developed in opposition to Church teaching
• Three main differences have lasted in some way to
  today separating Catholics and Protestants
• Scripture versus Tradition
• Justification by faith or works
• Priesthood of all believers

36
ProtestantScripture

• One of Luthers fundamental principles was sola
  scriptura
• Scripture alone is the source of divine
  revelation and truth
• Bible as infallible divinely inspired
• Humans not perfect thus subject to error
• Critique of papacy and councils
• Return to the Scriptures for guidance in the
  spiritual life
• Scripture alone as the authority for Christian
  life

37
CatholicScripture

• Scripture and Tradition inseparable
• New Testament written by members of the first
  Christian communities
• Canon of Scripture established by the early
  Church
• Scripture and Tradition are unified channels of
  revelation and are the basis for truth
• Both are from God inspired by God
• Tradition is based on reflecting and applying
  Scripture to various life situations

38
ProtestantJustification

• Luther witnessed a confused understanding of how
  someone was saved
• Rural Christians treated sacraments as magic
  rites granting salvation
• Humanism placed the importance of action and
  growth entirely on the human person
• Luther rejected both
• Justification by faith
• Gods gracious act of rendering a sinful human to
  be holy as acceptable to God
• Complete trust in God faith as a gift from God
• Works are a way of expressing faith not
  increasing it

39
CatholicJustification

• Humans are active recipients of Gods grace
• Faith is not a personal, exclusive relationship
  between an individual and God
• Faith is expressed in the context of the
  community
• Jesus as our Lord and Savior
• Actions (sacraments) are a necessary part of
  living out a life of receiving Gods grace
• James 214-26

40
ProtestantPriesthood

• Luther opposed a separate priestly caste
• Praised the Christian family as the ideal state
• As a priest himself, he later married and
  fathered children
• Priesthood of all believers
• By the virtue of faith, all Christians are
  priests
• No need for a separate ordained priesthood
• Less importance placed on ritual actions
• The Word more important than ritual actions
• Pulpit replaces altar in significance
• Only Baptism and Eucharist recognized by most
  Protestants
• Only ones specifically instituted by Christ

41
CatholicPriesthood

• All Christians share in the priesthood of the
  Baptized
• All responsible to preach the Good News
• Christ instituted the priesthood at the Last
  Supper
• Washing the feet of the Apostles
• Priesthood in terms of service
• Priests also responsible for offering sacrifices
  on behalf of the people
• Referring to the Jewish priesthood
• Various rites sacraments (outward signs of Gods
  love)
• Acting in persona Christi
• Seven sacraments

42
Spread of Protestantism

• France
• The Protestant didnt have as much influence in
  France
• Government had better control of internal affairs
• French scholars negated Protestant ideas early on
• French Protestants
• Huguenots did gather strength during the 16th
  century
• Edict of Nantes, 1598
• Decree granting some rights to Huguenots
  including building churches in specific villages
• Ended a series of religious wars in France
• Protestant-Catholic conflicts created a critical
  attitude toward Church leaders
• Spain
• Avoided Protestant influence due to three
  factors
• Reforms of Isabella
• Threat of force from the Inquisition
• Exceptional spiritual figures

43
Henry VIII Anglican Church

• Henry VIII lacked a male heir to the throne
• Petitioned for an annulment denied
• 1533 Henry VIII declared as head of the Church of
  England
• Separation from Rome and the rest of the Church
• Initially separation based on political, not
  religious, issues
• The Church of England (Anglican Church) as not
  fully Protestant yet not fully Catholic

44
Two Protestant Reformers

• Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) spread Reformation
  ideas in Switzerland
• Advocated Scripture as the sole source of truth
• Became head of the church and state in Zurich
• Established a theocracy
• Form of government in which religious leaders are
  the secular leaders as well
• Eventually would move away from Luther and set up
  Reformed Christianity
• Protestant groups emerging in Europe from the
  Reformation and following primarily the teachings
  of Zwingli and Calvin

45
Reformers (cont)

• John Calvin (1509-1564) enormous impact on
  Reformed Christianity
• Established a Presbyterian form of leadership
• Governance by a group of elders
• Based all laws on the Bible as interpreted by the
  elders
• Predestination
• Belief that God has selected some people for hell
  and others for heaven regardless of any personal
  actions or merit
• Not many included in the elect

46
Catholic Heroes of the Reformation

• Erasmus The Great Humanist
• Combined faith in God with the spirit of the
  Renaissance focused on reform without bloodshed
  or animosity
• Thomas More Martyr of Conscience
• Martyred by Henry VIII
• Willingly gave his life in defense of principles
  of the faith
• Philip Melancthon Scholar and Conciliator
• Tried to present Luthers theology in a way
  compatible with Catholicism longed for a
  reunited Church

47
Catholic Reformation

• Catalyzed by Luther and the reformers
• Catholic preferred over Counter
• Reform from within, not simply an attempt to
  one-up Luther and the reformers
• Attempted to clean up corruption in practices and
  clarify Church teaching on various matters
• Closely identified with the Council of Trent

48
Council of Trent

• Series of ecumenical meetings in Trent, Germany
  between 1545 and 1563 A.D.
• Two purposes
• Reform Church practices
• Clarify Church teachings
• Major reforms
• Revitalization of the ordained priesthood and
  episcopacy
• Bishops to reside in their dioceses act as true
  shepherds
• Priests to live out celibate commitment and wear
  distinctive clothing
• Seminary training formalized for all
  priests-to-be

49
Trent (cont)

• The council was an opportunity to clarify Church
  teachings
• Specific ideas spelled out and fully described
• Results of clarification
• Catechism of the Council of Trent
• Official statement of fundamental beliefs in
  precise terms
• Roman Missal
• Not a weapon, but a book containing the words and
  actions of a priest for ritual actions
• Clear statement of the number of sacraments, 7