CONCRETE AND ENVIRONMENT

1
CONCRETEAND ENVIRONMENT
Seminar in Mexico (08 April)

• Koji SAKAI
• Kagawa University, Japan

2
Crisis of Earth

• The earth is in a serious crisis in a mere
  200 some years after the Industrial Revolution in
  UK
• (1) resource/energy
• depletion
• (2) global warming

3
Historical Background of Environmental Issues

• The National Trust (1895)
• The Limits to Growth (1971)
• UN Conference on Human Environment (1972)
• Brundtland Report (1987)
• UN Conference on Environment and Development
  (1992)
• COP3 in Kyoto (1997)
• Effectuation of Kyoto Protocol (2005)

4
IPCC Fourth Assessment WG1 Report (Feb. 2007)

• Global warming and its causes
• Warming of the climate system is unequivocal.
• Most of the observed increase in globally
  averaged temperatures since mid-20th century is
  very likely due to the observed increase in
  anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.
• 
  likelihood over 90
• 
  caused by human activity

5
IPCC Fourth Assessment WG2 Report (April. 2007)

• Observational evidence from all continents and
  most oceans shows that many natural systems are
  being affected by regional climate changes,
  particularly temperature increases.
• Sustainable development can reduce vulnerability
  to climate change.

6
History of Concrete Technology

• Less than 200 years since the invention of
  modern cement
• Effect of AE agent was not confirmed until 1938.
• Use of concrete in large quantities has only
  been seen in the last 50 years.
• History of concrete technology is not long.

7
Environmental Issues in Construction and Concrete
Industry

• Resources and energy are consumed in large
  quantities.
• Concrete is the second most widely consumed
  substances on earth, after water.
• Vast amounts of waste are discharged.

8
Environmental Aspects in Concrete and Related
Technologies

• Aggregate
• Cement
• Admixture

9
Aggregate

• Aggregate used in a construction material
  accounts for some 20 billion tons.
• The replacement of natural aggregate with crushed
  stone aggregate increases.
• The amount of concrete mass due to the
  demolishment of concrete structures increases.

10
Recycling of Concrete Masses

• Technologies for recycled aggregate production in
  Japan
• (1) Heating and rubbing method
• (2) Eccentric-shaft rotor method
• (3) Mechanical grinding method

11
Heating and rubbing method






Heating 300?




Fine powder can be used as a substitute
solidification material.



12
Eccentric-Shaft Rotor Method
Crushed concrete lumps are passed downward
between an outer and inner cylinder.
13
Mechanical Grinding Method
Recycled aggregate discharge
Charge inlet
External diameter 1500mm
Steel ball
Passing hole
Drum 4000mm
Partition Plate
Coarse and fine aggregates are produced by
separating a drum into small sections with
partitions.
14
JIS A 5021 Requirements for High-Quality Recycled
Aggregates H
nlt not less than, nmt not more than
15
Limits of Amount of Deleterious Substances for
Recycled Aggregate H
16
On-site Concrete Resource Recycling System(HRM)
P1Road sub-bases production, P2 Recycled
aggregate recovering, P3 Concrete mixing and
delivery, P4 Ground improvement
CO2 Emission(t)
17
Alternative Aggregates

• Blast-furnace slag
• Fly ash
• Molten slag

18
JIS A 5031 Requirements for Molten Slag Aggregates
nlt not less than, nmt not more than
19
Estimated World Cement Production (by Jahren)
20
Estimated Cement Demand (by Humphreys et al.)
21
Unit-based CO2 Emission in Cement Manufactures
22
Amount of Wastes Utilization for Cement
Production in Japan
23
Utilization of Waste and By-products in Cement
Production
The target value of waste and by-product
utilization in Japan is 400kg/t-cement.
24
International Comparison of Energy Consumption in
Cement-Clinker Production
25
International Comparison of Energy Consumption in
Cement-Clinker Production
26
CO2 Emission from Construction of Concrete
Structures

• In 2050, worlds cement production will emit 3.5
  to 5.2 billion tons of CO2 .
• It is assumed that worlds cement production
  emits 1.3 to 1.7 billion tons of CO2 and
  aggregates are ignored.
• If the total CO2 is multiplied by 1.4, it
  corresponds to 22 to 32 of the worlds CO2
  emission in 2003.
  

27
Utilization of Admixtures

• Effective use of industrial byproducts
• Improvement of concrete properties
• Reduction of environmental impacts

28
Utilization of Blast-Furnace Slag and Fly Ash in
Japan
Other 12.1
9.8 million tons
25.7 million tons
Fly Ash
Blast-Furnace Slag
29
Estimated World Admixture Minerals Production (by
Jahren)
30
ISO/TC 71 Resolution 16 Salvador-Bahia, Brazil, 1
June 2007

• ISO/TC 71 agrees to create a new sub-committee
  (SC8) on Environmental Management for Concrete
  and Concrete structures.
• This SC should create formal liaison with other
  ISO/TCs working in this field, e.g. ISO/TC
  207(Environmental Management) and ISO/TC
  59(Building Construction.

31
Outcome of ISO TMB Voting

• Due to the request from some TMB member
  bodies, TMB determined to defer this item till
  the next meeting of TMB, February 13-14 2008.

32
TC71s Response to Concerns Raised from Some
Countries

• Concrete sector can not apply ISO 21930 without
  having the specific rules for concrete materials
  and structural concrete.
• The standards by ISO/TC71/SC8 would not conflict
  with ISO 21930 and other ISO environmental
  standards, but rather would promote their
  application in the concrete industry.

33
ISO TMB Resolution 6/2008

• TMB, noting the proposal to establish a
  Subcommittee of ISO/TC71 to deal with
  Environmental management for concrete and
  concrete structures, ratifies the creation of the
  subcommittee and asks that the appropriate
  liaisons be established with ISO/TC207 and
  ISO/TC59/SC17

34
IPCC FOURTH ASSESSMENT REPORT (Synthesis Report)

• Warming of the climate system is
  unequivocal, as is now evident from observations
  of increases in global average air and ocean
  temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice,
  and rising global average sea level.

35
IPCC REPORTAdaptation by Infrastructure/Settlemen
t Sector

• Relocation
• Seawalls
• Storm surge barriers
• Others
• Standards and regulations that integrate
  climate change consideration are necessary.

36
IPCC REPORTAdaptability by Transport Sector

• Realignment/relocation
• Others
• Design standards and planning for roads,
  rail, and other infrastructure to cope with
  warming and drainage are necessary.

37
IPCC REPORTMitigation Technologies by Transport
Sector

• More fuel efficient vehicles, etc
• Modal shifts from road transport to rail and
  public transport systems
• Others
• It is necessary to influence mobility needs
  through land use regulation and infrastructure
  planning.

38
IPCC REPORTMitigation Technologies by Building
Sector

• Efficient lighting, heating and cooling devices,
  etc
• Integrated design of commercial buildings
• Others
• Building codes and certification may be
  attractive for new buildings.

39
IPCC REPORTMitigation Technologies by Industry
Sector

• More efficient end-use electrical equipment
• Material recycling and substitution
• Advanced energy efficiency cement and iron
  manufacture
• Others
• Success factors include clear targets, third
  party involvement in design, etc.

40
IPCC REPORTMitigation Technologies by Waste
Sector

• Landfill CH4 recovery
• Waste incineration with energy recovery
• Recycling and waste minimization
• Others

41
What Can Concrete/Construction Sector Do for
Realization of IPCC Proposals ?
42
Our Future Direction

• To know our circumstances and develop low
  environmental impact technologies
• To standardize common rules for the evaluation of
  environmental impact and systems by which the
  reduction of environmental impact is driven.

43
Consumption of Natural Resources on Earth
(billion tons)
L. R. Brown ECO-ECONOMY
44
Global CO2 Emission
45
CO2 emission from cement industry in 2000
(Humphreys et al. 2002)
46
CO2 Emission from World Concrete/Construction
Industry

• Cement 2 billion tons0.87 1.74
• Steel 1.3 billion tons1.320.35 0.60
• Aggregate 20 billion tons 0.0033 0.007
• Sub-total 2.35 billion tons
• Total Including CO2 from execution and
  transport, 2.351.4 3.29 billion tons

More than 10 of total CO2 emission from all
industries
47

• CONCRETE, PRODUCED AT AN ESTIMATED RATE OF
  FIVE BILLION CUBIC YARDS PER YEAR, IS THE SECOND
  MOST WIDELY CONSUMED SUBSTANCES ON EARTH, AFTER
  WATER !!!
• LIQUID STONENEW ARCHITECTURE IN CONCRETE
  (National Building Museum)

48
Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI)(World
Business Council for SD)

• Our industry uses a great deal of fossil
  energy and materials quarried from the earth the
  conversion processes in our kilns release
  significant amounts of CO2.
• While we can find ways to consume less
  energy,use less natural resources, and release
  less pollution, we expect to supply more cement
  for the growing population.

49
Key Performance Indicators of CSI

• Climate change management
• Fuels and materials use
• Health and safety
• Emission monitoring and reporting
• Local impacts

50
CSI

• Developed CO2 Accounting and Reporting Standard
  for the Cement Industry (Cement CO2 Protocol) in
  2005
• This protocol may be used as a tool to
  prepare the inventory data of cement in ISO
  standard.
• Working to develop a document on concrete
  recycling (CSI TF7)

51
Purpose of ISO Standardization for Sustainable
Concrete/Construction

• Use and development of low environmental impact
  construction materials
• High energy efficiency in construction
• Appropriate management of construction and wastes
• Introduction of a system to stimulate the
  potential for continuous environmental
  improvement

52
Existing ISO Standards on Environment (1)

• ISO 14020 Environmental labels and declarations
  General principles
• ISO 14021 Environmental labels and declarations
  Self-declared environmental claims (Type?)
• ISO 14024 Environmental labels and declarations
  Type I environmental labeling Principles and
  procedures (Eco-labeling bodythird party)
• ISO 14025 Environmental labels and declarations
  Type? environmental declarations Principles
  and procedures (based on LCA data )

53
Existing ISO Standards on Environment (2)

• ISO 14040 Environmental management Life cycle
  assessment Principles and framework
• ISO 14041 Environmental management Life cycle
  assessment Goal and scope definition and
  inventory analysis
• ISO 14042 Environmental management Life cycle
  assessment Life cycle impact assessment
• ISO 14043 Environmental management Life cycle
  assessment Life cycle interpretation

54
Framework of ISO 14040 Family
55
ISO 14042 Life Cycle Impact Assessment

• Classification/characterization/weighing
• Impact category (class representing environmental
  issues of concern to which LCI results may be
  assigned ex. GWP)
• Category indicator (quantifiable representation
  of an impact category ex. CO2 in GWP)
• Category endpoint (attribute or aspects of
  natural environment, human health or resources,
  identifying an environmental issue of concern)

56
Object of ISO 14000 Family Developed by ISO/TC207

• Industrial products
• Services

57
ISO 15686-6 Building and Constructed Assets
Service Life Planning Part 6 Procedures for
Considering Environmental Impacts

• ISO 15686-6, developed by ISO/TC59/SC14, defines
  how and when to include environmental aspects
  into the design of a constructed asset.

58
Framework of Technical, Economic and
Environmental Assessment in SLP
59
ISO 21930Sustainability in Building Construction
- Environmental declarations of building products

• ISO 21930, developed by ISO/TC59/SC17,
  provides the principles and requirements for Type
  III environmental product declarations (EPD) of
  building products.

60
ISO 21930

• Product category group of building products that
  can fulfill equivalent functions.
• Building product goods or service used during
  the life cycle of a building or other
  construction works
• EPD Environmental declaration providing
  quantified environmental data using predetermined
  parameters or additional environmental
  information
• It is possible to have an EPD for a material, a
  building product, a component, an assembly and/or
  a building element.

61
ISO 21930

• Information on concrete in ISO 21930
• Only some words, such as cement, gravel,
  concrete, concrete wall or ceiling, appear once
  in an appendix.
• It is quite difficult to do things using the
  existing ISO environmental standards.
• We can use them only as a framework.

62
Tools for Environmental Impact Evaluation

• BEES, ENVEST, EcoQuantum
• GEMIS, SimaPro
• SBTool, BREEAM, LEED, CASBEE
• (Characteristic of these tools)
• There are many evaluation indexes, which include
  other indexes than CO2 etc.
• There is no integrated evaluation system for
  concrete and concrete structures.

63
We need the common rules for the environmental
impact evaluation and reduction systems of
concrete and concrete structures.
64
DevelopmentofISO XXXXX Environmental
Management for Concrete and Concrete Structures
Part 1 ? (TC71/SC8)
65
Framework for Development of ISO XXXXX by TC71/SC8

• The consistence with the existing ISO
  environmental standards, such as ISO 14000
  family, ISO 15686-6, and ISO 21930, should be
  kept.
• In other words, ISO XXXXX will be made from the
  point of view on how the existing ISO
  environmental standards are specialized to
  concrete and concrete structures

66
Framework for Development of ISO XXXXX by TC71/SC8

• ISO XXXXX will specify a procedure to consider
  environmental aspects in design, production and
  recycling of concrete, execution, reuse and
  demolition, etc.
• In ISO XXXXX, the implementing methods for LCA of
  concrete and concrete structures will be
  provided, covering materials, execution,
  maintenance, demolition, recycling and reuse.

67
Framework for Development of ISO XXXXX by TC71/SC8

• ISO XXXXX may cover the contamination of water
  and soil due to the leaching of heavy metals from
  concrete, and noise and vibration in
  construction.

68
Interface of Existing ISO Environmental Standards
and ISO XXXXX by TC71/SC8
ISO 14040 (LCA)
ISO 14025 (EPD)
ISO 15686-6 Consideration of environmental
impacts in SLP for building and constructed
assets DESIGN OPTIONS
ISO/FDIS 21930 Environmental declarations of
building products
ISO XXXXX Environmental management for concrete
and concrete structures
69
ISO XXXXX Environmental Management for Concrete
and Concrete Structures

• Part 1 General principles
• Part 2 Preparation of inventory unit data and
  system
• boundaries
• Part 3 Raw materials and concrete production
• Part 4 Execution of concrete structures
• Part 5 Maintenance of concrete structures
• Part 6 Demolition and reuse of concrete
  structures
• Part 7 Recycling of concrete
• Part 8 Environmental labels and declaration of
  concrete
• and concrete structures
• Part 9 Environmental design of concrete
  structures

70
ISO XXXXX-1Environmental management for concrete
and concrete structuresPart 1 General principles

• 1 Introduction
• 2 Scope
• 3 Normative references
• 4 Terms and definitions
• 5 Description of general framework for
  environmental consideration
• 6 Assessment of environmental performance
• 7 Environmental labeling and declaration
• 8 Critical review (Verification)
• 9 Additional environmental information and
  reporting

71
Characteristics of Concrete

• Consume large amounts of resources and energy
• Primarily comprise cement, which emits a large
  amount of CO2 during its production
• Utilize industrial wastes and byproducts for
  cement production
• Use different aggregates in different regions
• Be delivered in the form of half-finished
  products to the job site

72
Characteristics of Concrete Structures

• They are made into a wide variety of forms in
  various environment, and demolished, recycled
  and disposed of in various forms.
• They have a long life span compared with
  industrial goods.

73
Introduction

• The incorporation of a concept sustainability
  into construction sector is necessary.
• There are already some ISO environmental
  standards (ISO 14000 family, ISO 15686-6, ISO
  21930)
• ISO XXXXX series supplement the existing ISO
  environmental standards.
• Accurate evaluation of environmental impacts is
  essential for minimizing environmental impacts
  and maximizing environmental benefits.

74
Introduction(Contd)

• The target audience of this standard group
  includes all people involved in concrete and
  concrete structures owners, designers, concrete
  manufacturers, contractors, users, and those who
  develop or draft environmental standard
  specification.
• This standard group does not cover the
  social/economic aspects constituting
  sustainability.

75
Scope

• This standard provides basic rules on
  environmental performance that concrete and
  concrete structures should possess.
• This standard provides basic rules on
  environmental consideration in various activities
  related to their production and construction.

76
Scope (Contd)

• This standard shall be applied when examining the
  introduction of activities with consideration to
  the environment and when carrying out the
  environmental assessment in the life cycles
  considered.
• The environments covered by this standard include
  the global environment, local environments, and
  ambient environments of structures.

77
Description of General Framework for
Environmental Consideration

• Basic framework
• Activities divided by timescale
• Environmental effects in spatial scale
• Environmental impact factors in life cycles

78
Basic Framework

• In order to reduce environmental impacts related
  concrete and concrete structures, it is essential
  to adequately manage environmental impacts due to
  the corresponding various activities.
• Basic flow of environmental management
• a) describe activities
• b) analyze environmental effect
• c) acquire data
• d) assess, interpret, action

79
Activities Divided by Timescale

• Material procurement
• Concrete production
• Construction of a concrete structure
• Use/maintenance of the structure
• Demolition/disposal of the structure
• Recycling of concrete debris
• Reuse of demolished members

80
Environmental Impact Factors in Life Cycles

• CO2, NOx, SOx, dust
• Radon-222
• Hexavalent chromium
• Nonyl phenol derivative
• Resource consumption (fossil fuel, nonmetalic
  mineral(limestone), water, iron)
• Recycled

81
Environmental Impact Factors in Life Cycles
(Contd)

• Change in land use
• Noise/vibration
• Volatile organic compound
• Consideration of environmental benefit
• Impact reduction by service life extension
• Heat accumulating effect

82
Environmental Effects in Spatial Scale

• Global environment (global warming, destruction
  of ozone layer)
• Regional environment (acid rain, natural resource
  depletion, air pollution)
• Ambient environment of the structure (water
  pollution, soil pollution, noise/vibration/dust)

83
Assessment of Environmental Performance - General

• LCA
• Without LCA
• Partially including LCA
• In any case, the premises including
  assumptions, range, methods employed, and
  interpretation of the results shall be clarified
  and documented.

84
Assessment of Environmental Performance
Preparation for LCA

• Inventory data
• The inventory data sources shall be
  clearly identified.
• System boundaries
• The system boundaries, which are
  necessary for presenting the physical range, time
  range and resources to be considered, shall be
  clearly defined.

85
Environmental Issues to be Considered in LCA

• Material use
• Energy use
• Water use
• Land use
• Waste production
• Contamination to soil and water
• Noise
• Odour
• Others

86
Implementation of LCA

• Life cycle inventory analysis
• Life cycle impact assessment
• - Impact categories (ex. global warming)
• - Category indicators (ex. CO2-
  equivalents)
  
• - Category endpoints (ex. disease,
• ecosystem
  destruction)
• Life cycle interpretation equivalents)

87
Other Assessments Than LCA or Partially including
LCA

• CASBEE
• LEED
• BREEAM
• Others
• The ISO standards should play an
  important role to provide a platform and
  fundamental rules for those tools.

88
Other Aspects in ISO XXXXX EMCC Part 1 - General
Principle

• Action
• Environmental labelling and declaration
• Critical review (Verification)
• Additional environmental information
• - Impact and potential impacts on
  biodiversity
• - hazard and risk assessment on human
  health
• - Others
• Reporting

89
Benefits of Standardizations on EMCC by Concrete
Sector

• Fulfillment of social accountability as
  concrete/construction sector
• Clarification of environmental benefits from
  buildings and civil engineering structures
• Stimulation of the potential for decision-maker
  or market-driven continuous environmental
  improvement

90
LETS WORK TOGETHER FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS !!!