DOCUMENTATION

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DOCUMENTATION
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What needs to be cited?

• If you incorporate or refer to others' ideas or
  concepts in your paper, you must cite them and
  document their work. You must cite the sources
  you use to make statements of historical,
  statistical or scientific fact that are not
  common knowledge, and it's a good idea even if
  they are common knowledge. Sometimes it is
  difficult to be sure what counts as common
  knowledge. A good rule of thumb is to ask
  yourself if the material or statement can be
  questioned, if someone can argue with it. If so,
  you should document it. If you aren't sure if
  something counts as common knowledge or not, go
  ahead and document it to be safe. You must also
  cite sources when you use direct quotes, material
  from the source written word for word, and when
  you paraphrase what you have read by rephrasing
  or summarizing information from your source.

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•      Citations in the humanities most often
  follow the format established by the Modern
  Language Association of America, a professional
  academic organization. The documentation consists
  of two main parts
• parenthetical references and
• the Works Cited list.

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Parenthetical References

• MLA documentation uses parenthetical notation to
  cite sources within the text of your research
  paper (Gibaldi 184). (that when you use an author's ideas, quote
  material you've read, or paraphrase that
  material, you indicate its source in parentheses
  at the end of your sentence. For instance, I had
  to cite the first sentence of this paragraph
  because it contains information I got from the
  MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. The
  information in parentheses will tell the reader
  the author's last name and the page number where
  the original information used in your paper can
  be found. A reader will look at the author's last
  name and then refer to the Works Cited list at
  the end of your paper in order to obtain
  bibliographic information. You will find my
  sources bibliographic information under
  "Gibaldi" in the Works Cited list at the end of
  this presentation. When you use parenthetical
  notation you do not have to create footnotes or
  endnotes for your research paper.

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WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE

• Otherwise, you might inadvertently plagiarize.

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For example    

•    A documented quote in your paper about the
  development of Black feminist literary theory
  will look like this
• "In speaking about the current situation of Black
  women writers, it is important to remember that
  the existence of a feminist movement was an
  essential precondition to the growth of feminist
  literature, criticism, and women's studies, which
  focused at the beginning almost entirely upon
  investigations of literature" (Smith 170).

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• Note There is no comma between the author's last
  name and the page number. Also, the parentheses
  always come after the quotation's end
  punctuation, but before the punctuation at the
  end of the sentence. Even if there is end
  punctuation within the quotation marks, like a
  question mark or an exclamation mark, it is
  followed by the parenthetical notation and then a
  period.

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Allyn and Bacon

• The relevant Chapter is 23.
• The authors walk you through the process.
• A paper that does not cite properly will
  automatically be graded C or lower after all,
  satisfactory work should cite appropriately.
• So get acquainted with your text!

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MLA Style

• Not everyone is born with style
• For a guide, see pp. 636-646
• The guide is followed by a paper with sample
  citations.

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• From the earlier example An interested reader
  will then go to "Smith" in your Works Cited list
  and find an article in an edited anthology. Try
  formatting it with this information
• Title of article "Toward a Black Feminist
  Criticism.
• Author Barbara Smith
• Publisher Pantheon Books
• Publication year 1985
• Title of anthology The New Feminist Criticism
  Essays on Women, Literature and Theory.
• Editor of anthology Elaine Showalter.
• Pages 168-185.

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• Smith, Barbara. "Toward a Black Feminist
  Criticism." The New Feminist Criticism Essays on
  Women, Literature and Theory. Ed. Elaine
  Showalter. New York Pantheon Books, 1985.
  168-185.

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Another Example  

•      Another citation option is to use
  attribution, or to attribute material to an
  author within the text of your paper. Incorporate
  the author's name into your use of the quotation
  or information you are using and to put only the
  page number in parentheses at the end of the
  sentence.

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• Barbara Smith reminds us in her well-known
  article, "Toward a Black Feminist Criticism,"
  that when "speaking about the current situation
  of Black women writers, it is important to
  remember that the existence of a feminist
  movement was an essential precondition to the
  growth of feminist literature, criticism, and
  women's studies, which focused at the beginning
  almost entirely upon investigations of
  literature" (170).

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Parenthetical troubleshooting

• Parenthetical notation may require a bit of
  troubleshooting occasionally
• SAME LAST NAME
• If you use two authors with the same last name,
  you must also indicate the initial of their first
  name in the parentheses (B. Smith 170), for
  instance.
• NO AUTHOR
• If you are given no author at all, choose a word
  from the title of the source to use in the
  parentheses and underline or punctuate it
  appropriately ("Toward" 170), for instance.
• SAME AUTHOR, MULTIPLE WORKS
• If you use more than one work by the same author,
  the author name must be accompanied by a word
  from the title of the source you are referring
  to (Smith, "Toward" 170), for instance.
• ELECTRONIC SOURCES
• If you use electronic sources, you often must
  work with whatever information is provided at the
  online site. When possible use (Author page) or
  (Title page). If no page numbers are provided,
  use paragraph numbers instead (Author par.) or
  (Title par.).

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Works Cited

•      The Works Cited list is basically the
  bibliography for your paper, but it includes only
  the sources that you parenthetically cite in your
  paper. The Works Cited list is alphabetized by
  author's last name and begins on a fresh sheet of
  paper at the end of your research paper. If there
  are sources you have read but did not
  specifically use in your paper, you may include
  them in a Works Consulted list following the
  Works Cited list.

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Basic Information in Citations

• BASIC BOOK CITATION
• Author's Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Place
  of Publication Publisher, Date.
• BASIC PERIODICAL CITATION
• Author's Last Name, First Name. "Article title
  subtitle." Periodical Title volume (year) page
  numbers.
• BASIC SOFTWARE CITATION
• Author's Last Name, First Name. "Article title."
  Publication Title publication information.
  Database. CD-ROM. Database provider. Date of
  publication.
• BASIC ONLINE CITATION
• Author's Last Name, First Name. "Article title."
  Publication Title publication information.
  Database. Online. Computer service. Date of
  access.

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Citation specifics and troubleshooting

• The citations you will probably use the most will
  be for
• books
• articles (journal, magazine, newspaper)
• anthologies
• computer software
• electronic sources (online, Internet, FTP sites,
  Gopher sites, WWW sites, Telnet sites,
  synchronous communications, email/listserv)
• and reference sources (dictionary, encyclopedia).
  

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Less typical sources

• abstracts
• unpublished material (interviews, manuscripts)
• film/video
• TV or radio programs
• government publications
• pamphlets
• live presentations
• works of art.