CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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MENINGES

• Dura mater
• Falx cerebri
• Superior sagittal sinus
• arachnoid mater
• pia mater

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Spinal cord
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Production of CSF

• choroid plexuses- makes CSF
• arachnoid villi- drains CSF

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Spaces

• epidural space
• subdural space
• subarachnoid space

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Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

• ventricles
• right and left ventricles (lateral)
• III ventricle
• IV ventricle
• cerebral aqueduct
• choroid plexus of ventricles

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spinal cord structure

• anterior (ventral) median fissure
• posterior (dorsal) median sulcus
• central canal
• dorsal nerve root (sensory)
• ventral nerve root (motor)
• ganglion (dorsal)
• gray matter

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Spinal cord
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SPINAL CORD TRACTS

• Ascending tracts
• sensory
• Descending tracts
• motor
• names start- first part of word, go to - end of
  word o separates example
• spinothalamic
• starts in spine goes to thalamus

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Spinal cord tracts
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THE BRAIN

• BRAIN STEM
• Medulla oblongata
• functions cardiac, respiration and vasomotor
  control centers found here
• Pons
• pneumotaxic respiratory

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Midbrain

• corpora quadrigeminal
• superior colliculi- vision reflexes
• inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes
• red nucleus and substantia nigra involved in
  muscle control

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CEREBELLUM

• cerebellum cortex-external gray matter
• arbor vitae-internal white matter
• functions
• controls posture
• coordinated movements
• skeletal muscles

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Coordination function of the cerebellum
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Cerebellum
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DIENCEPHALON

• THALAMUS
• conscious recognition of pain, temperature, and
  touch
• emotions of pleasantness or unpleasantness
• arousal mechanism ( waking up)
• complex reflex movement
  

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Brain stem
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DIENCEPHALON, CONT.

• HYPOTHALAMUS
• mamillary bodies
• links mind and body
• endocrine gland secretions for posterior
  pituitary
• regulation of appetite, normal body temperature,
  emotions
• PINEAL BODY
• produces melatonin

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Corpus Callosum, thalamus, pineal body,
hypothalamus, pituitary gland
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CEREBRUM

• LOBES
• FRONTAL LOBE
• PARIETAL LOBE
• TEMPORAL LOBE
• OCCIPITAL LOBE
• INSULA (Island of Riel)

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Cerebrum
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Cerebral cortex

• gray matter
• gyre
• sulci
• fissures and sulci
• longitudinal fissure
• central sulcus
• lateral fissure

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Cerebral tracts and cerebral nuclei

• White matter under the cerebral cortex
• Consist of tracts projection tracts,
  association tracts and commissural tracts
• Grey matter consists of cerebral nuclei
• Caudate nucleus
• Lentiform nucleus
• Amygdaloid nucleus

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FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

• postcentral gyrus
• somatic sensory
• precentral gyrus
• somatic motor
• Transverse gyrus
• Occipital lobe

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FUNCTIONS OF THE CORTEX

• SENSORY FUNCTIONS OF THE CORTEX
• MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CORTEX

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INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE CORTEX

• consciousness
• language
• emotions
• memory

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Alzheimers disease

• Degenerative disease characterized by dementia
• Both environmental and genetic causes
• Effects short term memory most
• characterized by progressive formation of
• insoluble amyloid plaques consisting of amyloid
  b-peptide
• and tangles, particularly in the hippocampus and
  cerebral cortex

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SPECIALIZATION OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

• RIGHT BRAIN
• auditory, tactual perception, spatial
  relationships (ART)
• LEFT BRAIN
• language

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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)

• beta waves- thinking
• alpha waves- relaxed
• theta waves- drowsy
• delta waves- deep sleep waves

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EEG seizure
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PATHWAYS

• SOMATIC SENSORY PATHWAYS
• Ascending tracts from sensors to spinal cord and
  brain

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SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAY

• Descending tracts from brain and spinal cord to
  muscles

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