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Plant Propagation

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Controls dormancy in seeds, buds and abscission in leaves. ... Involved in epinasty, senescence and leaf and fruit abscission. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Plant Propagation


1
Plant Propagation
  • The Biology of Propagation

2
Plant Characteristics
  • Genotype sum total of all genetic
    characteristics controlled by genes.
  • Phenotype overall appearance and performance of
    the organism. Includes size, vigor color
    seasonal patterns, shape, etc.

3
Genetic Control in Propagation
  • Sexual vs. Asexual

4
Sexual vs. Asexual
  • Sporophytic involves vegetative growth of plant
    body in size and structure. Asexual implying the
    maintenance of genotype via mitosis.
  • Gametophytic involves special reproductive
    cells, Gametes, and provides opportunity to
    exchange genetic information. Implies process of
    meiosis.

5
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6
Mitosis and Asexual Reproduction
  • Cell Components
  • nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall, plasmalemma
  • chromosomes-gtgenes-gtalleles
  • Mitosis -gtformation of daughter cells
  • shoot tip, root tip
  • cambium, cork cambium
  • intercalary zones
  • production of callus, adventitious tissue

7
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8
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
  • Formation of male and female gametes
  • Reduction division-gthaploid cells-gtgametes
  • Pollen
  • Pollination
  • Fertilization
  • Zygote
  • Seed

9
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10
Gene Expression
  • Heterozygous
  • Homozygous
  • Dominance
  • Recessive
  • Inheritance
  • -gt

11
Plant Breeding, Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology
  • Transformation
  • Transgenic Plants
  • Recombinant DNA technology
  • Molecular Biochemical markers
  • Micropropagation

12
Plant Development
  • Totipotency each living cell has potential to
    reproduce an entire organism since it contains
    all the necessary genetic information.
  • Refers to zygote, meristematic cells in root and
    shoot

13
Gene Expression
  • Phenotypic variations that develop within a
    single individual result from the translation of
    genetic information encoded in genes to the
    formation of plant structure, growth patterns and
    function.

14
Epigenetic Variation
  • Processes by which information in the DNA of the
    chromosome is channeled to direct growth,
    development and plant structure because change
    does not occur in the basic genotype of the
    plant.
  • Formation of specific structures
  • control of developmental cycles
  • induction of adventitious shoots, roots or embryos

15
Contd
  • Competency- potential of a particular cell or
    tissue to develop in a particular way. Uses
    internal memory within the cell. Signal from
    within cell or from environment.
  • Determinism degree of commitment that a group
    of cells have towards a specific direction at a
    specific time. Growth and development of stems,
    leaves, etc.

16
Hormonal Control of Growth and Development
  • Auxin
  • Gibberellin
  • Cytokinin
  • Ethylene
  • Abscisic Acid

17
Auxin
  • Indole Acetic Acid-IAA (IBA, NAA)
  • from L-tryptophan in leaf primordia
  • moves from cell to cell in a basipetal direction
  • invloved in bending of coleoptile toward light
  • inhibition of lateral buds by terminal buds
    (apical dominance)
  • formation of abscission layer in leaves and fruit
  • activation of cambial cell growth
  • Induction of adventitious roots on cuttings, etc.

18
Cytokinin
  • Promote cell division
  • Delays senescence
  • stimulates protein synthesis
  • Interaction between auxin and cytokinin is one of
    the primary relationships in plant propagation.
  • High cytokinin, low auxin favors shoot
    development.
  • High Auxin, low cytokinin favors root
    development.
  • High amounts of both, callus development

19
Gibberellins
  • Occurs in seeds, stem apicies, particularly leaf
    primordia, roots fruits and tubers.
  • Involved in seed germination and dormancy.
  • Promote shoot elongation via cell division and
    elongation.
  • Application can overcome dwarfness.

20
Abscisic Acid
  • Classified as an inhibitor
  • Synthesis occurs in chloroplasts
  • present in most organs of the plant, even in
    phloem and xylem sap
  • Controls dormancy in seeds, buds and abscission
    in leaves.
  • Regulates stomatal closure, water and ion uptake.

21
Ethylene
  • Involved in epinasty, senescence and leaf and
    fruit abscission.
  • Promotes flowering, stimulates lateral bud
    growth.
  • Induce initiation of adventitious roots,
    stimulate germination of some seeds and overcome
    dormancy.

22
Life Cycles
  • Ontogenetic Changes
  • annuals, biennials, perennials
  • Phase Changes-juvenile to adult
  • Clonal Life Cycle- eg. Apple, pear, citrus
  • Apomictic Life Cycle-Apomixisembryo development
    from vegetative parts of the seed structure.
    Adventitious, recurrent apomixis and nonrecurrent
    apomixis.

23
Adventitious Embryony
  • Also known as Nucellar Embryony or Nucellar
    Budding.
  • Originates from cells of the nucellus or within
    the embryo sac or from the integument.
  • More than one embryo produced, one being sexual,
    the remainder apomictic.
  • Typical for citrus and mango species

24
BotanicalClassification
  • Plantae
  • Spermatophytes
  • Angiospermae
  • Monocotyledonae
  • Dicotyledonae
  • Gymnosermae
  • Filicinae
  • Families, Species, Cultivars/Varieties

25
Legal Protection of Cultivars
  • Patents
  • Plant Variety Protection
  • Trademarks
  • Utility Patents
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