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Concepts and Methods in Biology

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Animalia. Consumers. Eukaryotic. Archaebacteria. Eubacteria. Protista. Plantae. Animalia. Fungi. An Evolutionary View of Diversity. Mutation. Molecular change in DNA ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Concepts and Methods in Biology


1
Concepts and Methods in Biology
  • Starr/Taggarts
  • Biology
  • The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9e
  • Chapter 1

2
Key Concepts
  • There is unity and diversity in the world of life
  • Theories of evolution and natural selection
    explain lifes diversity
  • Biology is based on observations, hypotheses,
    prediction, and experimental tests

3
DNA, Energy, and Life
  • All organisms consist of one or more cells
  • Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
  • The signature molecule of cells is DNA
  • DNA encodes protein-building instructions
  • RNAs help carry out these instructions

4
Objects Built from the Same Material but with
Different Instructions
DNA
5
Nothing Lives Without Energy
  • Energy The capacity to do work
  • Everything has some amount of energy
  • All events involve a transfer of energy
  • Metabolism
  • Capacity to obtain and convert energy from
    surroundings
  • Capacity to use energy in maintenance and growth

6
Sensing and Responding
  • Receptors detect stimuli
  • Stimuli are forms of energy
  • Cells adjust metabolic activities in response to
    stimuli detected by receptors
  • These responses maintain homeostasis
  • Internal operating conditions remain within
    tolerable limits

7
Levels of Biological Organization Hierarchy of
Organization
8
Levels of Biological Organization Hierarchy
of Organization
9
Interdependencies Among Organisms
  • Producers
  • Make their own food
  • Consumers
  • Depend on energy stored in tissues of producers
  • Decomposers
  • Break down molecules to simpler materials

10
Energy Flow Materials Cycling
11
Classification
  • Species
  • Genus
  • Family
  • Order
  • Class
  • Phylum
  • Kingdom

12
Six Kingdoms
  • Fungi
  • Multicelled
  • Decomposers
  • Eukaryotic
  • Plantae
  • Photosynthetic
  • Eukaryotic
  • Animalia
  • Consumers
  • Eukaryotic
  • Archaebacteria
  • Anaerobic cells
  • Prokaryotic
  • Eubacteria
  • Bacteria
  • Prokaryotic
  • Protista
  • Single and multicelled
  • Eukaryotic

13
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
14
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
15
An Evolutionary View of Diversity
  • Mutation
  • Molecular change in DNA
  • Original source of variations in heritable traits
  • May be harmful, harmless, or beneficial
  • Adaptive trait
  • Any trait that helps an organism survive and
    reproduce
  • Whether a trait is adaptive or not depends on
    prevailing conditions

16
Evolution
  • Genetically based change in a line of descent
    over time
  • Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection
    explains the connection between evolution and
    variation in traits

17
Natural Selection
  • Individuals in a population vary in some
    heritable traits
  • Some heritable traits are more adaptive under
    prevailing conditions
  • Differences in heritable traits influence
    survival and reproduction of individuals
  • Adaptive traits become more common in population

18
Biological Inquiry
  • Observe nature
  • Develop hypothesis
  • Make testable prediction
  • If tests do not confirm prediction, consider why
  • Repeat tests or devise new ones
  • Analyze and report test results

19
Sequence of Steps in Scientific Experiment
20
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21
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22
Scientific Theory
  • A testable hypothesis about the cause or causes
    of a broad range of related phenomena.
  • Remains open to tests, revision, and tentative
    acceptance or rejection
  • Darwins view of natural selection is a respected
    scientific theory
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