... of DNA into cells or model organisms, usually to expres

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Genetic Engineering
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What is genetic engineering?

• Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM),
  and the now-deprecated gene splicing are terms
  for the process of manipulating genes, usually
  outside the organism's normal reproductive
  process.

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What is genetic engineering Cont

• It often involves the isolation, manipulation and
  reintroduction of DNA into cells or model
  organisms, usually to express a protein.
• The aim is to introduce new characteristics such
  as making a crop resistant to a herbicide,
  introducing a novel trait, or producing a new
  protein or enzyme.
• Examples include the production of human insulin
  through the use of modified bacteria, the
  production of erythropoietin in Chinese Hamster
  ovary cells, and the production of new types of
  experimental mice such as the OncoMouse (cancer
  mouse) for research, through genetic redesign.

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Types of Genetic Engineering

• Recombinant DNA- Recombinant DNA is the general
  name for taking a piece of one DNA, and ?
  combining it with another strand of DNA.

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Ways to recombine DNA.

• A). Transformation- cut a piece of DNA with a
  restriction ?enzyme and then ligate the DNA
  insert into the vector with DNA Ligase. Allow
  the bacteria to reproduce with the new DNA. The
  protein that is made is extracted to be used for
  diseases like insulin for diabetes.
• B). Non-Bacterial Transformation-the DNA is
  injected directly into the nucleus of the cell
  being ?transformed not a bacterial cell.
• C). Phage Introduction- a bacterial virus is used
  to insert DNA into a particular cell.

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Animation

• Recombinant DNA -
• http//webapps.css.udel.edu/biotech/rDNA.html
• Bacteriophage -
• http//www.blackwellpublishing.com/trun/animations
  .htm

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Cloning

• Reproductive cloning is a technology used to
  generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA
  as another currently or previously existing
  animal.
• http//www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/cloning1
  01.html
• http//www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/swf/int_dogc
  loning.swf
• Stem cells http//www.dnalc.org/resources/animati
  ons/stemcells.html

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Other Examples

• Phytoremediation- Using plants to clean up water,
  soil air pollution.
• Bioremediation-Using microorganisms to clean up
  pollution
• Transgenic organisms-These types of hybrid
  organisms can be created by genetic engineering.
• http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072919345/s
  tudent_view0/chapter16/elearning.html

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Another one..

• Gene therapy- Inserting genes into cells to
  treat or cure diseases
• ?A normal gene may be inserted into a nonspecific
  location within the genome to replace a
  nonfunctional gene.?
• ?An abnormal gene could be swapped for a normal
  gene
• ?The abnormal gene could be repaired through
  selective reverse mutation, which returns the
  gene to its normal function.?
• ?The regulation (the degree to which a gene is
  turned on or off) of a particular gene could be
  altered.
• http//www.edu365.cat/aulanet/comsoc/Lab_bio/simul
  acions/GeneTherapy/GeneTherapy.htm