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Chicago School

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1. Chicago School. The Beginning. of. American Criminology. 2. 1. CHICAGO SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY ... Research to explain crime and/or juvenile offenders that ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chicago School


1
Chicago School
  • The Beginning
  • of
  • American Criminology

2
CHICAGO SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
  • Research to explain crime and/or juvenile
    offenders that combined two different data bases
  • Social Ecology

1
3
Cont
  • Combined life histories of juveniles with the
    geographic and social distribution of juvenile
    offenders and their offending rates.

4
SOCIAL ECOLOGY
  • Examination of different areas of a city that
    studied the interrelationships and
    interdependencies of human communities to
    discover the forces that define the activities of
    each.

2
5
SOCIAL ECOLOGY
6
office building
schools
city government
factories
neighborhood
3
7
SHAW AND McKAYS BOOK, JUVENILE DELINQUENCY and
URBAN AREAS
  • Good account of crime and urbanization.
  • Tried to answer many questions, of which I
    consider this one, to be the best.

4
8
THE QUESTION
  • Do juvenile delinquency rates vary with the
    economic, social and cultural characteristics of
    local communities?

9
Cont
  • The answer provides the foundation for their
    theories.

10
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY
  • Focus social characteristics of a community the
    cause of crime/delinquency.
  • Structural approach
  • Macro

5
11
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY
  • Crime/delinquency resulted b/c of breakdowns of
    social control in families, neighborhoods, and
    communities due to physical changes, leading to
    disorganization.

12
Cont
  • Physical changes (external social forces) rapid
    industrialization, urbanization, and mass
    immigration

13
FAMILY BREAKDOWN OF CONTROL
14
WHATS CAUSING LOSE OF CONTROL?
15
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
  • Primary force altering physical changes in
    Chicago.
  • Physical changes altered the traditional
    community setting

6
16
Cont
  • Traditional values and norms changed as people
    adapted to the new social environment.
  • Exploitation by landlords of new immigrants.

17
ZONE OF TRANSITION
Industry needing more land
landlord putting the squeeze on new immigrants
cheap housing
7
18
EFFECTS ON INCREASED POPULATION
  • Mass immigration and less housing, population
    growth expands outward, creating suburbs.

8
19
professional/clerical
industrial workers
workers
9
20
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21
COURT AND POLICE DATA
  • Examination of data discovered a pattern of
    delinquency.
  • Delinquency decreased as one moved further from
    the zone of transition into the suburbs.

10
22
Cont
  • High areas of delinquency exposed to conflicting
    sets of values by criminal adult role models.

23
ADULT ROLE MODELS
  • Influential in making delinquency a social
    tradition in the zone of transition.
  • Legitimate means of success were blocked or
    limited, therefore, an environmental factors for
    delinquency to become a tradition was established.

11
24
IMPORTANT POINT
  • High rates of delinquency not related to ethnic
    backgrounds of offenders.

12
25
IMPORTANT POINT
  • Related to high turnover rate of differing ethnic
    groups coming into the zone of transition causing
    a lack of identification with the community and
    neighborhood.

26
IMPORTANT POINT
  • This supported the premise that social
    disorganization was an underlying cause of
    delinquency.

27
IMPORTANT FACTORS ABOUT SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
THEORY
  • Areas closest to the factory zone was the least
    organized part of the community.

13
28
Cont
  • Suburbs had a higher degree of organization.

29
QUOTE FROM SHAW AND MCKAY
  • Delinquency rates were for these groups
    high...because of other aspects of the total
    situation in which they lived.

14
30
Cont.
  • Therefore, delinquency is directly related to
    economic and social processes in the growth of
    Chicago.
  • Pattern can be seen in most industrialized
    cities, including Waterloo.

31
DELINQUENCY RELATED TO OTHER SOCIAL PROBLEMS
  • Crime/Delinquency not a separate problem.
  • Related to high rates of truancy, infant
    mortality, tuberculosis, and mental disorders.

15
32
DELINQUENCY RELATED TO OTHER SOCIAL PROBLEMS
  • Zone of transition had the highest rates of
    repeat offenders, and highest number of juveniles
    arrested after becoming adults.

33
CATALYST OF ECONOMY
  • Shaw and McKay add an economic aspect to their
    theory, finding the occupational structure was
    more of an influence than the social life of a
    community.

16
34
Differential Opportunity Structure
  • New theory called differential opportunity
    structure due to the conflict between values and
    norms.
  • Cultural transmission theories get their base
    from here.

35
NORMS
VALUES
CONFLICT
NORMS
VALUES
36
RECENT FINDINGS OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY
  • Communities characteristic of
  • limited friendly networks,
  • unsupervised teenagers,
  • low participation in community organizations,
  • had high rates of delinquency.

17
37
RECENT FINDINGS OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY
  • Deteriorated neighborhoods with dense populations
    had weaker ties to primary groups of youth,
    leading to disorder.

38
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY (EDWIN SUTEHRLAND)
  • Symbolic Interactionist perspective examining the
    interaction between individuals and their
    environment.
  • Combination of environmental and social process
    theories.

21
39
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY (EDWIN SUTEHRLAND)
  • Strain theories and economic inequality.
  • Social process and the environment.

40
SOCIAL PROCESS THEORYS RELATIONSHIP WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL/STRAIN THEORYS
  • Suggest that crime/delinquency is a result of
  • improper socialization
  • conflict with social institutions
  • criminal behavior

22
41
SOCIAL PROCESS THEORYS RELATIONSHIP WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL/STRAIN THEORYS
  • A process of interaction with ones environment.

42
EDWIN SUTHERLAND
  • Theorized that criminal behavior is learned from
    others a product of social interaction.
  • 9 propositions

23
43
EDWIN SUTHERLAND
  • Criminal behavior is not inherited, but learned
    in a process of communication, verbal and
    nonverbal, in small intimate groups.

44
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45
Additional Information on Sutherlands Theory
  • Degree of criminal behavior is dependent upon the
    intensity and frequency of contact with the
    intimate group.

24
46
A process of socialization similar to
programming a computer
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