Title: Every man is in certain respects a like all other men, b like some other men, c like no other man'
1Every man is in certain respects (a) like all
other men (b) like some other men (c) like no
other man.
Henry Murray and Clyde Kluckhohn (1948) in
Personality in Nature Society and Culture
2Every man is in certain respects (a) like all
other men (b) like some other men (c) like no
other man.
- Small group discussion
- Find something that your whole group has is
common something some of you have in common
something that makes each of you unique. - What kind of differences have you observed (or
would you expect) in a typical classroom
3Individual Differences
Personality
Interests
Intelligence
4Importance of physics class
Unimportant Slightly Neutral Slightly
Important unimportant
important
Entire physics class
5Group differences in importance
Unimportant Slightly Neutral Slightly
Important unimportant
important
Other non-majors
Engineering majors
Physics majors
6Personalized system of instruction
7Group differences in PSI
8Aptitude theory
- Aptitude-Treatment Interactions (ATI)
- Adapting instruction to meet students individual
characteristics improves outcomes
9Intelligence
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
- Mental age/chronological age x 100
- Mean is 100 68 of population between 85 and
115 only 16 above 115 - Correlates with academic achievement r.50
10Spearmans theory
11Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities
- Verbal comprehension
- Word fluency
- Number facility
- Spatial visualization
- Associative memory
- Perceptual speed
- Reasoning
12(No Transcript)
13- Crystallized intelligence
- Volume depth and breadth of knowledge in various
domains - Content knowledge specific to domains
- May be product of Gf
- Efficiency in well-practiced domains
- Stable or increases with age
- Fluid Intelligence
- Analytic problem-solving abilities
- General ability applicable to new situations
- Efficiency in new domains
- Decreases with age
14Gc and Gf tests
- What month comes right before December
- What is the capital of France
- Who was Mark Twain
- Whats the difference between a civil and
criminal court trial
15When is Gf or Gc more important
16What does intelligence predict
- School achievement (r.50)
- Verbal intelligence scores predict reading
achievement (r.83) - General intelligence predicts career success
(r.41) - Work evaluations (r.50)
- Occupational status changes in occupational
status acquisition of knowledge in occupational
settings and income
17Aptitude-Treatment Interactionswith Intelligence
- Speed of learning and amount of practice required
- Amount of structure needed scaffolding
18Personality traits
- Enduring tendencies to behave in a certain way
across situations - Big Five personality traits
19Example personality questions
- Rate each of the adjectives below as they apply
to you on a scale 1 to 9 extremely inaccurate to
accurate - Talkative
- Sympathetic
- Orderly
- Envious
- Deep
20Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conservatism
Imaginative intellectual variety-seeking
Down-to-earth prefers routines
21Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conservatism
Conscientiousness
Spontaneity
Organized planful dependable
Pleasure-seeking undependable
22Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conservatism
Conscientiousness
Spontaneity
Introversion
Extroversion
Talkative sociable assertive
Quiet solitary reserved
23Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conservatism
Conscientiousness
Spontaneity
Introversion
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Individualism
Skeptical self-serving
Warmhearted trusting compassionate
24Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conservatism
Conscientiousness
Spontaneity
Introversion
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Individualism
Neuroticism
Emotional Stability
Calm even-tempered
Emotional anxious irritable
25Work performance interaction
26Adapting instruction to personality
- Grouping extroverts and introverts
- What personality dimension would relate to having
high test anxiety - Encouraging students to explore other cultures or
perspectives - Social skills training
- Homework and project reminders
27Interests
- Enduring preferences for certain activities
hobbies or occupations. - Hollands vocational personality or interest
types - Individuals may have many or few interests
28Example interest questions
- Check Yes/No
- Are you...
- Mechanical
- Persuasive
- Friendly
- Can you...
- Start projects
- Play a musical instrument
- Lead a group
- Do you like to...
- Perform experiments
- Do volunteer service
- Work in groups
29Scientist Engineer
Architect Firefighter
Musician Writer
Accountant Librarian
Nurse Teacher
Journalist Stockbroker
30- Anyone preparing to teach How might individual
differences affect your instruction Pick a
specific example of how you might have to adapt
to differences in intelligence personality
interests or cultural backgrounds. - Anyone interested in measurement Do individual
differences ever act as construct-irrelevant
sources of error on tests Consider personality
and interest traits. - Anyone interested in health care how do
individual differences in patients affect how you
interact with them - Anyone interested in counseling What kind of
assessments have you given clients to better
assess their counseling needs How could you use
the traits we talked about today for career
counseling Marriage counseling Occupational
counseling
31Areas of controversy
- Heritability of traits
- All traits are influenced by experience
32Take away messages
- General intelligence is an important predictor of
learning and life outcomes. - Intelligence is a hierarchy of general and
specific abilities that help us to adapt to a
variety of situations. - Personality is an important contributor to
success in life beyond intelligence. - Interest help us understand why individuals with
the same level of intelligence choose different
paths in life. - Individual differences are important to adapting
instruction in the classroom to optimize
learning.