Every man is in certain respects a like all other men, b like some other men, c like no other man'

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Every man is in certain respects (a) like all
other men (b) like some other men (c) like no
other man.
Henry Murray and Clyde Kluckhohn (1948) in
Personality in Nature Society and Culture
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Every man is in certain respects (a) like all
other men (b) like some other men (c) like no
other man.

• Small group discussion
• Find something that your whole group has is
  common something some of you have in common
  something that makes each of you unique.
• What kind of differences have you observed (or
  would you expect) in a typical classroom

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Individual Differences
Personality
Interests
Intelligence
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Importance of physics class
Unimportant Slightly Neutral Slightly
Important unimportant
important
Entire physics class
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Group differences in importance
Unimportant Slightly Neutral Slightly
Important unimportant
important
Other non-majors
Engineering majors
Physics majors
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Personalized system of instruction
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Group differences in PSI
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Aptitude theory

• Aptitude-Treatment Interactions (ATI)
• Adapting instruction to meet students individual
  characteristics improves outcomes

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• Mental age/chronological age x 100
• Mean is 100 68 of population between 85 and
  115 only 16 above 115
• Correlates with academic achievement r.50

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Spearmans theory
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Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities

• Verbal comprehension
• Word fluency
• Number facility
• Spatial visualization
• Associative memory
• Perceptual speed
• Reasoning

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(No Transcript)
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• Crystallized intelligence
• Volume depth and breadth of knowledge in various
  domains
• Content knowledge specific to domains
• May be product of Gf
• Efficiency in well-practiced domains
• Stable or increases with age

• Fluid Intelligence
• Analytic problem-solving abilities
• General ability applicable to new situations
• Efficiency in new domains
• Decreases with age

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Gc and Gf tests

• What month comes right before December
• What is the capital of France
• Who was Mark Twain
• Whats the difference between a civil and
  criminal court trial

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When is Gf or Gc more important
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What does intelligence predict

• School achievement (r.50)
• Verbal intelligence scores predict reading
  achievement (r.83)
• General intelligence predicts career success
  (r.41)
• Work evaluations (r.50)
• Occupational status changes in occupational
  status acquisition of knowledge in occupational
  settings and income

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Aptitude-Treatment Interactionswith Intelligence

• Speed of learning and amount of practice required
• Amount of structure needed scaffolding

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Personality traits

• Enduring tendencies to behave in a certain way
  across situations
• Big Five personality traits

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Example personality questions

• Rate each of the adjectives below as they apply
  to you on a scale 1 to 9 extremely inaccurate to
  accurate
• Talkative
• Sympathetic
• Orderly
• Envious
• Deep

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Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conservatism
Imaginative intellectual variety-seeking
Down-to-earth prefers routines
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Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conservatism
Conscientiousness
Spontaneity
Organized planful dependable
Pleasure-seeking undependable
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Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conservatism
Conscientiousness
Spontaneity
Introversion
Extroversion
Talkative sociable assertive
Quiet solitary reserved
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Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conservatism
Conscientiousness
Spontaneity
Introversion
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Individualism
Skeptical self-serving
Warmhearted trusting compassionate
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Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to Experience
Conservatism
Conscientiousness
Spontaneity
Introversion
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Individualism
Neuroticism
Emotional Stability
Calm even-tempered
Emotional anxious irritable
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Work performance interaction
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Adapting instruction to personality

• Grouping extroverts and introverts
• What personality dimension would relate to having
  high test anxiety
• Encouraging students to explore other cultures or
  perspectives
• Social skills training
• Homework and project reminders

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Interests

• Enduring preferences for certain activities
  hobbies or occupations.
• Hollands vocational personality or interest
  types
• Individuals may have many or few interests

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Example interest questions

• Check Yes/No
• Are you...
• Mechanical
• Persuasive
• Friendly
• Can you...
• Start projects
• Play a musical instrument
• Lead a group

• Do you like to...
• Perform experiments
• Do volunteer service
• Work in groups

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Scientist Engineer
Architect Firefighter
Musician Writer
Accountant Librarian
Nurse Teacher
Journalist Stockbroker
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• Anyone preparing to teach How might individual
  differences affect your instruction Pick a
  specific example of how you might have to adapt
  to differences in intelligence personality
  interests or cultural backgrounds.
• Anyone interested in measurement Do individual
  differences ever act as construct-irrelevant
  sources of error on tests Consider personality
  and interest traits.
• Anyone interested in health care how do
  individual differences in patients affect how you
  interact with them
• Anyone interested in counseling What kind of
  assessments have you given clients to better
  assess their counseling needs How could you use
  the traits we talked about today for career
  counseling Marriage counseling Occupational
  counseling

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Areas of controversy

• Heritability of traits
• All traits are influenced by experience

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Take away messages

• General intelligence is an important predictor of
  learning and life outcomes.
• Intelligence is a hierarchy of general and
  specific abilities that help us to adapt to a
  variety of situations.
• Personality is an important contributor to
  success in life beyond intelligence.
• Interest help us understand why individuals with
  the same level of intelligence choose different
  paths in life.
• Individual differences are important to adapting
  instruction in the classroom to optimize
  learning.