Kingdom Monera

1
Kingdom Monera

• Biology 112

2
BACTERIA
3
Monera

• Oldest and most abundant organisms
• Prokaryotic (before a nucleus)
• Unicellular Microscopic
• Undergo asexual reproduction
• Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms. They are
  the smallest, simplest organisms

4
Kingdom Monera (bacteria)

• Archaebacteria are very ancient bacteria.
• Found in anaerobic conditions with high salt,
  high temperature, and low pH. These are believed
  to be the conditions on the early Earth. Earths
  early atmosphere did not contain oxygen. The
  earliest organisms were anaerobic.

5
These bacteria live in very hot, acid habitats of
60-80 and pH 2-4, like the photo of a "Hot
springs" below, the red stain on the rocks are
the prokaryotic cells.
6
(No Transcript)
7

• Eubacteria are more modern bacteria.
• Inhabit nearly every known habitat
• Consumers, producers, and decomposers
• Some cause disease but most are harmless

8

• Highly magnified view (2000 X) of human pus
  showing white blood cells (called neutrophils)
  with deeply-lobed purple nuclei. The minute
  paired dots (red arrow) are diplococcus gonorrhea
  bacteria.

9
Bacteria

• They are found in nearly every habitat studied,
  including some that no other organism is able to
  withstand.

10

• Bacteria have a cell wall, a cell membrane
  surrounds the cell but no membrane-bound
  organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria,
  chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, or ER. Some are
  covered by a layer of slime called a capsule.
  Some have flagella for locomotion.

11
(No Transcript)
12
3 basic shapes

• Cocci spherical (coccus)
• Bacilli rod-shaped (bacillus)
• Spirilla spiral (spirillum)

13
(No Transcript)
14
Respiration

• Obligate aerobes - must have oxygen.
• Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive in the
  presence of oxygen
• Facultative anaerobes - will use oxygen if
  present but dont need it

15
Nutrition

• Most are heterotrophs although some are
  autotrophs.

16

• The autotrophic bacteria either use chemicals as
  a source of energy (chemoautotrophs) or are
  photosynthetic (photoautotrophs).

17

• Some are parasites which live off a living host

Leucothrix mucor
18

• Some are saprobes, feeding off dead organisms and
  waste (i.e., decomposers).

19
Reproduction

• Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome
  attached to the inside of the plasma membrane

20
Asexual - Binary Fission

• Prokaryotes reproduce by simply splitting in two
• The DNA is copied and the cell divides into two
  identical cells.

21
Sexual - Conjugation

• Sexual reproduction combines genes from two
  different individuals and increases variation.
  Prokaryotes do not technically reproduce sexually
  but can mix genes with one another.

22

• Conjugation - Two cells join briefly and one cell
  donates some DNA (called a plasmid) to the other
  one. Sometimes part of the cells chromosome is
  donated as well.

23

• World Builders 1 Chapter 4 Asexual Reproduction E
  Viau CSULA

24

• Transformation - Bacteria can also pick up pieces
  of DNA from the environment

25

• Transduction - sometimes viruses transfer pieces
  of DNA from one cell to another.

26

• Mutation is a large source of genetic diversity
  in bacteria.

Under ultraviolet light in a Petri dish
containing laundry whitener, symbiotic bacteria
with a mutant bluB gene (lower right) fluoresce
brightly, while the same bacteria with no
mutation only glow slightly (top right), and
bacteria with another mutation (in the exoY gene)
are completely dark.
27
Endospores

• some bacteria form endospores when environmental
  conditions become unfavorable.

28

• Endospores are DNA and a small amount of
  cytoplasm enclosed in a tough cell wall. They are
  resistant to extremes in temperature, drying, and
  harsh chemicals.