1 Defining motivation' 2 The relation between emotion and motvation' 3 Theories of motivation'

1
1) Defining motivation.2) The relation between
emotion and motvation.3) Theories of
motivation.
2

• Differences between every-day and psychological
  understanding of terms
• emotion
• motivation

3
Definitions of emotion in psychology

• Each process of evaluation/apprisal (Jarymowicz,
  1997).
• Complex regulative processes that have many
  components (affective, phisiological, content)
  and cannot be reduced to subjective feelings
  (Reykowski, 1992).
• Specific reguation processes that are elcited in
  resposne to stimuli (coming from external
  environment or from the inside of the body) that
  are important for an idyvidual (as a biological
  organism or as a person) (Nowa Encyklopedia
  Powszechna).

4
Definition of motivation in psychology

• Term used to describe all the mechanisms of
  initiating and continuing behavior.It reffers to
  mechanisms that can be
• Either basic or complex,
• Either internal or external,
• Either affective or cognitive
• (Lukaszewski, 2000)

5
Reykowski (1992)

• Function of emotion finding those
  characteristics of objects and events that are
  important (have positive or negative meaning) for
  an individual and energizing the organism to
  respond in an appropriate way.
• Thus emotion can elicit motivation!

6
Reykowski (1992)

• Motivation process of regulation that guides
  human actions in order to achieve a particular
  state
• Change in phisical or social world
• Change in ones own situation, in Self
• (sometimes it is not an end point that is
  important but the process of achieving it)

7
Reykowski (1992)

• Two characteristics of motivation
• Direction
• Strength
• The strength depends on
• Attractiveness of a achiving a goal (anticipated
  gratification)
• How possible it is to achieve a goal (or how much
  do we believe in it)

8
Reykowski (1992)

• Motive specific inner psychic state described
  as sense of unfullfillment and readiness to
  initiate an activity/action (motivational
  tension).
• Motivational tension appears when both
  attractivenes of achieving a goal and our belief
  in achieving it are higher than 0.

9
Reykowski (1992)

•  Causes of unfullfilled motives
• biological needs
• psychological needs (subjective sense of lack of
  something that is necessary for living and
  growth)
• activation of affective patterns (avoiding
  stimuli that cause pleasant emotion/approachingsti
  muli that cause negative emotion)
• factors that serve as distractors to our activity
  (frustration, stress, conflict, anxiety)
• task formation (when something is not in
  accordance with our standards, norms)
• activation of interests
• activation of values (ex, when values important
  for us are threatened)

10
Reykowski (1992)

• Motivational tension is reduced when
• goal is achieved
• when it just lasted for a long time (mechanisms
  of regulation become weak)
• as a consequence of cyclic changes in an organism
  (ex. hormons)
• under the influence of strong feelings and sudden
  reactions

11
Theories of emotion
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STIMULUS ??? EMOTION
13
Theories of motivaton
14

• Sociobiology (genes!)
• Ethology (instincts!)
• Learning theories (reinforcements/punishments!)
• Psychodynamic theories (unconscious drives!)
• Humanistic theories (needs deprivation and
  being, need for selffullfillment!)
• Cognitive theory (cognitive balance!)