PUNISHMENT

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PUNISHMENT

• Chapter 4

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PUNISHMENT CONTINGENCY

• The immediate,
• response contingent presentation
• of an aversive condition
• resulting in a decreased frequency of that
  response

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Aversive Condition

• Any stimulus, event, or condition whose
  termination immediately following a response
  increases the frequency of that response ESCAPE
• Any stimulus, event, or condition whose
  presentation immediately following a response
  decreases the frequency of that response
  PUNISHMENT

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Aversive Conditions are necessary to both
definitions

• ESCAPE
• PUNISHMENT

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Aversive Conditions

• We prefer to minimize contact with these
• Electric shock
• Smelling a skunk (unpleasant odor)
• Jack hammers constant drilling
• Hot pepper sauce (painful stimuli)

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Examples of punishment contingencies
Before Behavior After
Ed receives no painful shock Ed moves leg Ed receives painful shock
She has no ice cube on face She grinds teeth She has an ice cube on face
Sandra has no squirt of sour lemon juice Sandra starts vigorous tongue movement Sandra receives squirt of lemon juice
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The punishment contingency describes a
functional relationship between behavior and
the environment.
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Contingency Table
?
or
Stimulus, event, or condition Present immediately following a response Remove immediately following a response
Reinforcer Reinforcement
Aversive Condition Punishment Escape
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Examples of punishment contingencies
Before Behavior After
Ed receives no painful shock Ed moves leg Ed receives painful shock
She has no ice cube on face She grinds teeth She has an ice cube on face
Sandra has no squirt of sour lemon juice Sandra starts vigorous tongue movement Sandra receives squirt of lemon juice
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Graph
Frequency
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Contingency vs. Principle

• CONTINGENCY
• The immediate, response contingent presentation
  of an aversive condition resulting in a decreased
  frequency of that response

• PRINCIPLE
• A response becomes less frequent if an aversive
  condition or an increase in an aversive condition
  has immediately followed it in the past.

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Adaptive function of behavior that comes under
the control of punishment contingencies

• We dont walk into door frames
• We tend not to trip over wires
• We dont burn ourselves on hot stoves

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Application of punishment contingencies
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Overcorrection

• A contingency on inappropriate behavior requiring
  the person to engage in an effortful response
  that more than corrects the effects of the
  inappropriate behavior.

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Sick Social Cycle

• The perpetrators aversive behavior punishes the
  victims appropriate behavior. And the victims
  stopping the appropriate behavior unintentionally
  reinforces that aversive behavior

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Sick Social Cycle Victims Punishment Model
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Page 72

• Fill this in, study it

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Chapter 4

• enrichment

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Punishment Contingency

• For every punishment contingency, theres a
  reinforcement contingency in the background

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Punishment Reinforcement
Reinforcement Contingency
Before No food
After Food
Behavior Lever Press
Before No shock
After Shock
Punishment Contingency
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Punishment vs. Aggression

• Dont use punishment in wrath
• Dont confuse punishment with divine retribution
• Forget the eye-for-an-eye notion.

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If you use punishment

• Remember
• Make it as short as possible
• All you want is to change behavior, not have
  people atone for their sins.

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Independent Variable

• The variable the experimenter systematically
  manipulates
• The INTERVENTION

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Dependent Variable

• A measure of the subjects behavior

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graphs

• Value of visual inspection of the data

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Multiple BSLN Design

• An experimental design in which the replications
  involve baselines of differing durations and
  interventions of differing starting times

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BSLN INTERVENTION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15
Sessions
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Doing Science

• Good experimental questions
• Good design
• Complete descriptions of procedures
• Data collection that is accurate complete

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Informed consent

• Consent to intervene in a way that is
  experimental and/or risky
• The participant or guardian is informed of the
  risks and benefits and of the right to stop the
  intervention.

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Social Validity

• The goals, procedures, and results of an
  intervention are socially acceptable to the
  client, the behavior analyst, and society.

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Punishment or escape?
Before Behavior After
Ed has dentist drill on tooth Ed raises hand Ed has no drill on tooth
She has smell of smelling salts She opens eyes She has no smell of smelling salts
Sandys eyes are not covered Sandy self-stimulates Sandys eyes are covered 10
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What contingency?
Before Behavior After
Shock Lever press No shock
No shock Lever press Shock
No food pellet Lever press Food pellet