Energy is the lifeline of modern societies' But today, India has 17% of the world's population, and

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• Energy is the lifeline of modern societies. But
  today, India has 17 of the world's population,
  and just 0.8 of the world's known oil and
  natural gas resources. The climate of the globe
  as a whole is changing. We should access
  technologies to provide a diverse supply of
  reliable, affordable and environmentally
  sustainable energy. -
• 
  A.P.J.Kalam

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NUCLEAR ENERGY

• BY
• PUNEET KUMAR
  (CH03B055)
• SURENDRA
  SHARMA(CH03B039)
• YUSUFI KAPADIA
  (CH03B047)
• AVINASH
  GOSWAMI (CH03B010)

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NUCLEAR Power Unleash the energy within
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Agenda

• Nuclear Energy
• Nuclear fission
• Nuclear fusion

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Fission Energy

• Energy released by a fission reaction is approx
  200MeV
• 20 tonnes of coal would need to be burnt to get
  as much energy as could be obtained by the
  nuclear fission of 1 kilogram of uranium.
• High energy density
• Conventional source of energy
• Chain reaction

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Potential

• In term of conventional reactor it will continue
  to 100 years.
• Concentration of Uranium in the earth core is
  4ppm
• Uranium available in the sea water

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Potential...

• Sea water contains 3.310-9 (3.3ppb) of uranium,
  so the 1.41080 tonne of sea water contain
  4.6109 tonne of uranium. The entire worlds
  electricity usage, 650GWe could be supplied by
  the seawater uranium for 7 million years.
• New technology will increases the potential by
  100 folds.

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• Technology

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Reactors

• Conventional Reactors
• FBR (Fast Breeder Reactor)
• 4th Generation Reactors

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Conventional Reactor

• Most common and technologically mature
• Fission of only U-235 possible

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Types of conventional reactors

• Pressurized water reactor (PWR)
• Boiling water reactor (BWR)
• Advanced gas cooled reactor (AGR)
• Heavy water reactor (HWR)

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Conventional Reactor....

• Pressurized water reactor
• The most safe and reliable technology available
• Ordinary water used both for coolant and
  moderator
• High pressure of 150atm used to prevent boiling
  inside the reactor
• Using high pressurized hot water, steam is
  generated in secondary loop (called steam
  generator)
• Thermal efficiency of about 30

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Pressurized water reactor...
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Conventional Reactor....

• Boiling water reactor
• Ordinary water used as both coolant and moderator
• Steam is directly generated inside the reactor
  core
• Pressure inside the reactor is around 75atm
• Thermal efficiency is about 35
• But maintenance cost more than PWR

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Boiling water reactor
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Conventional Reactor....

• Advanced Gas cooled reactor
• Uses graphite as moderator and CO2 as coolant
• Thermal efficiency of about 45
• Quite unsafe reactors, so new reactors of this
  design are not constructed

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Fast breeder reactor

• Fast - No moderator used.
• Breeder - Produces fissile material from U-238
• No need of high pressure like PWRs.
• Waste generated is very less.
• Consumes 100 times lesser fuel than a
  conventional reactor to produce same amount
  energy
• Still not economic
• Development of thorium cycle

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Fast breeder reactor

• LMFBR Liquid Sodium as coolant

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Generation IV Reactor

• International task force (GIF) has agreed on six
  nuclear reactor technologies for deployment
  between 2010 and 2030
• Operates at higher temperatures having higher
  thermal efficiency
• Four are designated to produce hydrogen
• All six systems represent advances in
  sustainability, economics, safety, reliability
  and proliferation-resistance.

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• Concerned Issues

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Environmental Issues

• Nuclear energy The Green energy
• Nuclear reactors are virtually greenhouse gas
  emissions-free
• Using nuclear energy to produce electricity can
  arrest the planetary danger of global warming and
  radical climate change
• No particulate pollution

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Nuclear Waste
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Nuclear Waste...

• Nuclear power is a energy-producing technology
  which takes full responsibility for all its
  wastes and fully costs this into the product.
• Nuclear waste can be broadly classified into
• Low level waste
• High level waste

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Nuclear Waste...

• Low level waste (LLW)
• Contains small amounts of mostly short-lived
  radioactivity which comes from radioactive
  contamination
• 90 of total waste generated by volume but
  contributes 1 to the radioactivity generated
• No handling hazards, suitable for shallow land
  burial

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Nuclear Waste...

• High level waste (HLW)
• HLW comprises highly-radioactive fission products
  and some transuranic elements with long-lived
  radioactivity and the spent fuel
• The spent fuel is recycled back using
  reprocessing
• Highly radioactive and need to handle very
  carefully

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Nuclear Waste...
Disposal of HLW
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Safety Concerns

• What Makes Nuclear Power Plants Safe?

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Safety Concerns...

• Nuclear weapon proliferation
• The most controversial issue about nuclear power
• Supply of nuclear fuel only when the sites are
  open for IAEA inspection

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Decommissioning of NPP

• Life time of a NPP is around 30-50 years
• Most parts of NPP are not radioactive, so can be
  dismantled easily
• But the reactor core and some other parts highly
  radioactive and take a long time for complete
  dismantling
• Current period for decommissioning defined by
  Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 60 years

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Economics of Nuclear power generation

• Electricity generation cost
• Opportunity cost
• External cost

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Cost of Nuclear Energy Generation
Source US Utility Data Inst. (pre 2001),
Resource Data International (2001 )
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Todays Scenario

• Supplies 16 of world electricity
• 441 power plants in operation
• 24 nuclear power plants under construction
• Net installed capacity 368.125 GW(e)
• Expected to supply 430GW(e) by 2020

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Scenario in India

• 15 operational nuclear plants
• 8 plants under construction
• Net installed capacity 2.5 GWe
• India expects 25 nuclear contribution by 2050
• One hundred times the 2002 capacity

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Scenario in India........

• During the prime minister visit to the United
  States, we have managed to reduce some of the
  constraints which have been hampering the growth
  of our nuclear energy programme and in the next
  10 years, in addition to the 1,50,000 MW of
  capacity being added in the thermal andhydro
  sectors, another 40,000 MW could be generated
  through nuclear energy

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Fusion Energy
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Introduction

• Two light nuclei combines and form a bigger
  nuclei and energy is released
• Inexhaustible energy source
• Controlled fusion A step to get artificial sun

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Technology

• Still Immature
• Main types of confinement
• Magnetic confinement (MFE)
• Inertial confinement (ICF)

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Magnetic confinement

• Hundreds of cubic meters of D-T plasma at a
  density of less than a milligram per cubic meter
  are confined by a magnetic field at a few
  atmospheres pressure and heated to fusion
  temperature.
• Effective magnetic configuration is toroidal
• Main hope centered on the tokamark reactors
• ITER project trying to develop tokamark reactor
  for 500 seconds

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Tokamark Reactor
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Inertial confinement (ICF)

• Laser or ion beams are focused very precisely
  onto the surface of a target, which is a sphere
  of D-T ice, a few millimeters in diameter.

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Conclusion

• So it is time we rethink opposition to nuclear
  power. Opposition to nuclear energy is based on
  irrational fear fed by Hollywood-style fiction,
  the Green lobbies and the media. Nuclear energy
  has proved to be the safest, cleanest of all
  energy sources with proved technologies. We must
  stop fretting over the minute statistical risks
  of cancer from chemicals or radiation. We entreat
  our friends to drop their wrongheaded objection
  to nuclear energy and use this to produce more
  and more both major carriers of energy
  electricity and the hydrogen.

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References

• www.world-nuclear.org
• www.nucleartourist.com
• www.npcil.nic.in
• www.nei.org
• www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Thank You