Classical Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning

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Story of Pavlov's puppies. Classical Conditioning: Learning in which a previously neutral stimuli acquires ... Salivating at the sight of a cupcake. Conditioning ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Classical Conditioning


1
Classical Conditioning
  • Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
  • Influenced by Dr. William Beaumont
  • St. Martins Experiment
  • Story of Pavlovs puppies
  • Classical Conditioning Learning in which a
    previously neutral stimuli acquires the
    capability of evoking a response previously
    evoked by another non-neutral stimuli
  • Unconditioned stimulus (US) A non-Neutral
    stimulus
  • ex. Cupcake
  • Unconditioned Response (UR) Response to a
    non-neutral stimulus
  • ex. Salivating at the sight of a cupcake

2
Conditioning
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) When paired with US
    begins to evoke response previously evoked by US
  • Conditioned Response (CR) Response now evoked by
    CS
  • CR not always as strong as UR
  • dinner bells
  • cognitive expectation effects?
  • Timing

US
Simultaneous
CS
Trace
CS
Delayed
CS
Backward
CS
3
Pavlov Continued
  • Delayed and Trace seem to work best
  • within .5 seconds
  • US effects
  • works best with powerful US (hunger and pain)
  • ex. doorknobs
  • CS effects
  • certain organisms respond better to certain kinds
    of stimuli
  • dogs and auditory stimuli
  • visual stimuli, sex and the human male
  • should be novel stimuli

4
Compound Stimuli
  • Represents a problem for Classical conditioning
  • stimuli are rarely presented consistently or
    alone
  • can classical conditioning account for most
    learning?
  • Overshadowing
  • one potential CS is more effective in a compound
    stimuli scenario
  • ex. Bells and student shuffling at end of class
  • sometimes the weaker stimuli can succeed if more
    powerful one goes away
  • more novel data is more powerful
  • ex. Screeching tires at accident
  • Blocking One stimuli blocks learning potential
    of another
  • quieter dentist drills
  • tastier meds

5
Extinction
  • Elimination of CR by presentation of CS alone
  • Pavlov rings bell, no food
  • doesnt always work particularly with fear
    responses
  • consider dog phobia
  • how (according to CC) would it develop?
  • Yet extinction does not seem to occur
  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • tendency for previously conditioned responses to
    reoccur after extinction once the pairing begins
    again
  • fire alarms, school and real fires

6
Problems with Classical Conditioning
  • Works best with novel stimuli and biological
    imperitives
  • Presentation of stimuli in real world
  • Very passive form of learning
  • not effective in life threatening situations
  • Easily overcome by cognitive factors
  • Thus, while part of the puzzle, CC is just one
    facet of human learning

7
Operant Conditioning
  • Skinner
  • Skinner Box
  • disliked use of private events
  • Redefines what is ok to be studied by
    psychology
  • previously focused highly on mental events
  • Now focuses exclusively on external events
  • gradually repudiates existence of mind

8
Contingency
  • Behavior takes place in a context
  • environmental stimuli
  • environmental consequences
  • Antecedent Stimulus
  • sets up the behavior
  • ex. Ask a question
  • commands to a dog
  • Response Behavior of the critter after
    antecedent stimulus

Stimulus
Stimulus
Response
9
Consequent Stimuli
  • How the environment ultimately reacts to the
    critters behavioral response to antecedent
    stimuli
  • reinforcement or punishment
  • increase or decrease rate of behavior on which
    they are contingent
  • Primary reinforcers have biological significance
  • ex. Food, drink, sex, etc.
  • Secondary reinforcers acquire reinforcing
    properties due to prior learning
  • ex. Getting an A on test
  • can be a bit tenuous

10
Reinforcement and Punishment
  • Reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior
  • Positive reinforcementadding something good
  • candy reward, money, praise
  • Negative reinfocementtaking away something bad
  • nagging, electric shock
  • Punishment leads to a decrease in behavior
  • Positive punishmentadding something bad
  • electric shock, spanking, yelling
  • Negative punishmenttaking away something good
  • removing privileges, withdrawing love, silent
    treatment
  • Controversies on Punishment

11
Operant Conditioning The Good the Bad and the
Ugly
  • Operant conditioning is a trial and error based
    approach to learning
  • flying a plane?
  • Rewards and punishments often unclear,
    contradictory, or completely lacking
  • Some behaviors continue in spite of little
    reinforcement
  • romantic liaisons
  • Like most psyche theories is ultimately guilty of
    the hammer hypothesis
  • discounts important cognitive factors
  • discounts freewill
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