Global Trends in Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles

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Global Trends in Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles
Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles

Elisa Dumitrescu United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), PCFV Clearing-House
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The PCFV Background Mission

• September 2002 Launched at World Summit on
  Sustainable Development (WSSD) to Help
  developing countries to develop action plans to
  complete the global elimination of leaded
  gasoline and start to phase down sulphur in
  diesel and gasoline fuels, concurrent with
  adopting cleaner vehicle requirements.

• Cleaner Fuels Cleaner Vehicles Reductions in
  polluting emissions/better urban air quality

• Launch of Global Lead Campaign, Promotion of
  sulphur reductions in fuels (support for region
  and country goals with ultimate goal of 50 ppm or
  below)
• Cleaner vehicle technology

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Partners

• Governments

• Industry

Int. Organisations
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Partnership Activities

• The Partnership provides assistance to
  governments, international organizations and NGOs
  for the promotion of cleaner fuels and vehicles.
  Specifically, this means
• Technical, networking (including experts), and
  funding support for regional and national
  workshops, seminars and training sessions aimed
  at developing and implementing action plans for
  the elimination of leaded gasoline, the reduction
  of sulphur and the promotion of cleaner vehicles
  and vehicle technology
• Support for specific activities, such as
  awareness campaigns and demonstration heavy duty
  diesel vehicle retrofit projects aimed at
  demonstrating cleaner vehicle technology and
  lower emissions
• Global Working Groups developing resources on
  Sulphur Reduction in Fuels, Public Awareness,
  Octane, and Leaded Gasoline Phaseout Valve Seat
  Recession
• Annual Global Partnership Meetings

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Support to Date

• Regional and sub-regional events in Africa for
  Lead Phaseout
• National technical expert groups
• Public awareness campaigns and environmental
  training events in over 10 countries
• 3 regional workshops for sulphur in Central
  America in Guatemala, El Salvador, Mexico
• Central South America Auto Clubs one-day
  training on cleaner fuels and vehicles
• Cleaner fuels and vehicles regional workshop for
  Central and Eastern Europe Turkey in Hungary
• Lead Phase-out support to Yemen
• Santiago, Chile Diesel Bus Truck Retrofit
  Project (USEPA)
• Training on Cleaner Vehicles in Bulgaria

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Support, ctd.

• Tools for Retrofit and Cleaner Bus Fleets
  (forthcoming) upcoming regional training for
  bus fleet managers to be held in Turkey
• Upcoming Sulphur and Octane reports.

• UNEP Urban Air Quality Projects
• Study on Nairobi Vehicle Emissions
• Air Quality Workshops and Air Quality Monitoring
  in Tanzania and Ghana
• Study of soil lead levels and blood lead levels
  in and around Nairobi, Kenya
• Hybrid Vehicles Report (forthcoming)

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Urban Air Quality Worldwide
Nairobi CBD, 2005 Thomas Harrison-Prentice

• WHO
• Every year 1.5 billion urbanites breathe air
  that exceeds WHO standards
• Well over 800,000 deaths each year due to urban
  air pollution
• More than 70 of deaths from outdoor air
  pollution occur in the developing world
• Costs
• World health costs of urban air pollution are
  estimated to approach US1 billion per year.
• In developing countries the health effects of
  air pollution cost between 5 - 20 of GDP.

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Transport and Air Quality

• Almost half the worlds population now lives in
  cities
• Urban air pollution largely attributed to
  transport and industry emissions
• Local pollution often severe
• Transboundary movement of pollutants such as
  PM, nitrogen, heavy metals, organic pollutants
• Key to climate change Road transport is
  responsible for 1/5 - 1/4 of all CO2 emissions
  globally...

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Health Effects
Particles (PM 10 /PM 2.5) Premature death,
aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular
disease, aggravated asthma, and acute respiratory
symptoms. Sulphur oxides (SOx) impact
respiratory health and aggravate asthma. In
addition, SOx result in the acidification of
local environments, damaging buildings and urban
greenery. Ozone (O3) irritate the respiratory
system reduce lung function and make it more
difficult to breathe deeply and, inflame and
damage the lining of the lungs, which may lead to
permanent changes in lung tissue.
Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Exposure to elevated CO
levels is associated with impairment of visual
perception, work capacity, manual dexterity,
learning ability, and performance of complex
tasks. Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) Respiratory
illness and acid rain.
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Transport Air Quality Europe
Transport emissions of air pollutants

• Air pollutant emissions in European countries
  decreased by 1/3 in the past decade (PM and ozone
  precursors down by 30-40 from 1990-2003)
• Technical improvements/tighter standards for
  transport
• Intro of cleaner fuels directly impacts
  emissions from road transport - form of transport
  closest to people, therefore more exposure
• But overall growth in volume of concern...

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Loss in average statistical life expectancy
(months) due to identified anthropogenic PM 2.5

• Particulate Matter
• Avg. 9 months of life expectancy lost
• 4 million life years lost annually
• 386,000 premature deaths annually
• 110,000 serious hospital admissions annually
• Ground-Level Ozone
• 21,400 premature deaths annually

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Vehicular Pollution Control
Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles A System for Better
Air Quality

• Vehicles, both petrol and diesel, emit
  significant amounts of pollutants
• Cleaner fuels and vehicles most viable method of
  reducing vehicle emissions, air pollution today
• Low-sulphur and lead-free fuels affect emissions
  directly

• And enable the use of cleaner vehicle technology
  such as catalytic converters, which can further
  reduce pollutants by around 90
• Cleaner fuels (ultra-low sulphur petrol and
  diesel) allow for the use of latest high-fuel
  efficiency technology in vehicles. Advanced
  engines make 20-45 reduction in CO2 possible.

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Cleaner Fuels - Unleaded

• Leaded gasoline affects mental development
  children (loss of IQ) health of adults - toxic
  even at very low levels
• Lead elimination enables the use of catalytic
  converters in petrol vehicles (CO, HC, NOx around
  90)
• Partnership Campaign to Eliminate Leaded
  Gasoline Worldwide by end 2008
• Turkey January 2006 phase-out.

Example of Leaded Petrol In Egypt Yearly
effects of leaded gasoline estimated to cause up
to 11,000 heart attacks, 1,400 strokes, up to 11,
000 premature deaths, and average IQ loss of 4.25
in children.
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Leaded Petrol Worldwide
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Why Low Sulphur?

• Diesel sulphur levels in Europe can be as low as
  10 ppm while in developing countries levels reach
  10,000 ppm...
• Lowering sulphur
• 1. Lowers Emissions From Existing Vehicles
• SO2 From All Vehicles
• PM From Diesel Vehicles
• CO, HC, NOx From All Catalyst Vehicles
• 2. Enables Advanced Vehicle After-treatment
  technologies below 500 ppm Tighter Standards
  For New Vehicles
• 3. Enables Retrofit of Existing Heavy-Duty
  Vehicles
• 4. Low sulphur petrol enhances functioning of
  three-way catalysts (maximum efficiency at
  near-zero sulphur levels).

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Michael Walsh
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Michael Walsh
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Sulphur Reduction Engine Benefits
Going from 10,000 to 5,000 ppm sulphur diesel,
engine life is expected to increase by over 40
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Global Trends for Sulphur in Fuels

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Global Trends for Sulphur in Fuels, ctd.
IFQC, 2005
US 2006 sulphur in gasoline avg. 30 ppm, cap of
80 ppm diesel 15 ppm cap by June 2006 coincide
with US Tier II standards for cars, light-trucks,
and sport-utility vehicles. Europe Zero
sulphur introduced in 2005 for both petrol and
diesel 10 ppm maximum allowable by 2009
widespread already in Europe due to tax
incentives.
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Vehicle Emissions Standards Worldwide
Correlated to spread of low sulphur fuel...
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The Systems Approach Vehicle Technology

• Cleaner fuels allow for more advanced vehicle
  emission standards and improved technology
• For petrol vehicles, 3-way catalysts used with
  the closed-loop air/fuel control systems.
  Standard technology on all new petrol cars. Lead
  poisons catalyst, maximum efficiency at ultra-low
  (50 ppm or less) sulphur.

MECA
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Diesel Technology

• Diesel Technology
• For new diesel vehicles, progress made in
  reducing diesel engine emissions by improving
  diesel technology (advanced high-pressure fuel
  injection, lightweight materials, advanced
  transmissions, low-resistance tires, etc.)
• Exhaust Treatment Technologies
• Oxidation Catalyst (also used on flex fuel
  vehicles and CNG) can operate with fuel sulphur
  levels of 500 ppm, maximum effectiveness is
  reached with 50 ppm or less fuel sulphur.
  Reductions of PM by diesel oxidation catalysts
  range between 20-50, with reductions in HC and
  CO of between 60-90.

MECA
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Diesel Technology, ctd.

• Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) Filter out PM
  and are usually paired with catalysts. DPFs
  work best when sulphur levels are less than 15
  ppm, but still operate at 95 efficiency with 50
  ppm sulphur fuel. Reduce PM by 80-90.
• Around the world, more than 200,000 DPFs have
  been installed as retrofits and more than 1
  million DPF-equipped cars have been sold in
  Europe. DPFs have also been used successfully on
  a variety of off-road engines since the
  mid-1980s. (MECA)

MECA
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Diesel Technology, ctd.

• Other Diesel Technology...
• Flow-Through Filters relatively new, PM
  reduction 30-70
• Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Can reduce
  NOx emissions by 75 to 90 percent, HC emissions
  by up to 80 percent, and PM emissions by 20 to 30
  percent.
• NOx Adsorbers catalyst technology Nox
  reductions up to 90

• Cleaner fuels also enable...
• State of the art vehicles with low emissions
  hybrids, modern diesels (Euro 5)
• Retrofit options for existing heavy-duty
  diesels with DOCs, DPFs or a combination
  (London, NYC, Mexico City, Beijing, Santiago) -
  significant decrease in PM emissions

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Cost/Benefit

• Cost-benefit analyses of fuel sulphur reductions
  performed in US, Canada, Europe, Mexico, China,
  Brazil (included incremental costs of fuels and
  vehicles). All concluded that benefits of
  reducing sulphur from fuels far outweigh the
  costs.
• Mexico cleaner vehicle plan incorporating
  ultra-low (15 ppm) sulphur diesel, emissions
  standards comparable to the US standards, and
  urban retrofit programmes estimated benefits at
  10-20 times greater than implementation costs, by
  2030, US 4 billion in annual benefits (reduced
  health costs), including close to 30 reduction
  in average particulate levels and 4,000 less
  premature deaths annually.
• In China requiring Euro-3 fuel and vehicle
  emission standards in 2007 and Euro-4 levels in
  2010 estimated to yield net benefits of
  approximately US30 billion in 2020 and US60
  billion in 2030.
• US Tier II standards to reduce PM emissions by
  more than 90 over current levels EPA estimates
  that full implementation of new standards for
  vehicles with yield almost US5 in benefits for
  every dollar spent by industry to implementand
  eliminate as many as 4,300 premature deaths every
  year.

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PCFV Role In Turkey

• Turkey well on its way to cleaner fuels and
  vehicles... Lead phased out, high market share of
  low sulphur diesel, Euro IV requirements as of
  2007, support for alternative fuels (bioethanol
  and biodiesel).
• Potential Areas of Action Identified in Budapest
  Promotion of cleaner fuels, strategies for
  existing vehicle fleet, emissions from existing
  heavy-duty diesel vehicles, fuel adulteration,
  capacity building on cleaner fuel and vehicle
  issues in civil society and at municipal level,
  improved dialogue between government, industry
  and NGOs.
• PCFV Support Includes
• Access to Tools, Research, Awareness Information
• Support for activities - training, working
  groups, cross-sectoral dialogue and partnerships
• Join the PCFV - greater access to the PCFV
  network of experts

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Thank you!

PCFV Clearing-House Urban Environment
Unit Division of Policy Development and Law
(DPDL) United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) P.O Box 30552 Nairobi, KENYA Tel (254
20) 7624735 Elisa.Dumitrescu_at_unep.org www.unep.org
/pcfv