Information Technology

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Information Technology
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What is Information Technology?
?

• IT is all about the applications of a wide
  variety of electronic technologies to the
  information-handling activities.
• It is an integration of computer technology and
  information processing which builds new systems
  and products to help people at work, in
  education, and at home.

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Question .

• List the different use of IT at home.
• Compare the use of IT with the conventional
  methods of any three applications.

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Example

• PPS (Payment by Phone Service)

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Advantages of PPS

• No need to go outside to pay bills
• You can pay bills either by phone or on the
  Internet
• 24 hours service
• Payment will be debited automatically from you
  bank account

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Major Applications of IT in Society

• Artificial Intelligence
• Commercial Applications
• Industrial Applications
• Scientific Applications
• Education Applications
• Other Applications

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Artificial Intelligence
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• AI is a science and technology to develop
  machines that are intelligence.
• to build machines that think and act like humans,
  that are able to learn and to use their knowledge
  to solve problems on their own.

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How to measure the intelligence of a computer?
Turing test
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Turing Test

• invented by Alan M. Turing (1912-1954)
• a machine could be seen as being intelligent if
  it could "fool" a human into believing it was
  human.

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How Turing test is conducted

• A conversation

Of course!
Are you human?
Which is a machine?
If no one can deduce whether it is a machine or
not through conversation, the machine is
intelligent!
Sure!
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• Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial
  intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human
  behavior).
• The greatest advances have occurred in the field
  of games playing.

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• The best computer chess programs are now capable
  of beating humans.
• In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep
  Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov
  in a chess match.

I loss!
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Area of Artificial Intelligence
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Expert System
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What is an Expert System?

• Expert system is one of many branches of AI.
• It is a program that is designed to provide quick
  and inexpensive access to the knowledge and
  experience of one or more human experts in a
  particular field.
• It accepts questions from users and can evaluate,
  draw conclusions and make recommendations.

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Basic Concepts of an Expert System Function

• The expert system is composed of 4 main
  components
• Knowledge Base
• Inference Engine
• Explanation Module
• Natural Language Processor

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Knowledge Base

• Knowledge base Facts Rules
• They are collected from a number of human experts
  and codified by a knowledge engineer.

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Inference Engine

• Makes inference by deciding which rules are
  satisfied by facts, and fires the rules.
• Two inferencing methods are commonly used
• FORWARD CHAINING
• reasoning from the facts to the conclusion.
• BACKWARD CHAINING
• reasoning in reverse from a hypothesis, a
  potential conclusion to be proved, to gather the
  facts which support the hypothesis.

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Explanation Module

• It is a special program that enables the expert
  system to explain why it arrives at a certain
  conclusion or makes certain recommendation.

Natural Language Processor

• It makes possible the expert system to
  communicate with the users in a natural manner.

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Session with an ES

• User My fan does not work.
• System Is is switched on?
• User Yes
• System Is it plugged in?
• User Yes
• System Does another appliance work using the
  same main socket?
• .

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Application

• Medical Diagnostic System
• patients history and laboratory test results are
  entered by the doctor into the computer to answer
  a number of questions.
• Based on the information obtained, the specific
  disease or a list of possible diseases can be
  identified which will then propose suitable
  treatment to cure the disease.

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Demo Expert Systems

• Video Rental Decision Maker
• http//max.cs.kzoo.edu/CS400/ClassPresentations/m
  ovies.html
• Disney Video Rental Decision Maker
• http//max.cs.kzoo.edu/CS400/ClassPresentations/d
  isney.html

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Limitation of ES

• Limited by Knowledge Base
• They cannot really think
• Forming definite rules for expert systems is
  impossible
• Many experts cannot express their expertise in
  making a judgment as a set of rules

Therefore, an ES is better viewed as Decision
Support System
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Natural Language Processing
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What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)?

• Development of computer that can understand our
  natural language such as English, but not
  programming language like Pascal.
• Mainly used as the user interface of an expert
  system and database systems.

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Current Technology

• Speech recognition
• Recognize and carry out voice commands or take
  dictation. In general, speech recognition
  involves the ability to match a voice pattern
  against a provided or acquired vocabulary.
• Speech synthesis
• Production of speech by the computer

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• Other examples
• http//vhost.oddcast.com/vhost_minisite/demos/tts
  /tts_example.html
• http//nlg3.csie.ntu.edu.tw/

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Pattern Recognition
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Pattern Recognition

• Pattern recognition is the mechanism of
  translating written words into computer-readable
  forms.
• Phases of pattern recognition
• receive the text
• analyze the character
• compare the pattern

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Receiving the text

• By a stylus

• By scanner and OCR

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Analyze the character

• Break the character into its horizontal vertical
  and diagonal elements.

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Compare the pattern

• Compare the pattern with those in the database.

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Applications

• Document Analysis
• Text/Graphic Separation(????)
• Form Classification (????)
• Character Recognition (????)

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Applications

• Biometrics Certification(????)
• Fingerprint Recognition(????)
• Palmprint Recognition(????)
• Face Recognition(????)
• Signature Certification(????)

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Robotics
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What is Robotics?

• A field in which robots, or automated machines,
  are devised and created to perform a variety of
  tasks.
• The technology of building and using robots with
  artificial intelligence and computer controlled
  human-like capabilities.

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Why Robotics?

• Increase productivity and cut cost by replacing
  human in doing regular and repetitious jobs.
• Reliable, uncomplaining, never getting tired or
  bored.
• Suitable to do dangerous jobs.

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What are robots made of?

• Brain
• usually a computer
• Mechanical parts
• motors, wheels...
• Sensing devices
• light ultrasonic sensor (vision)
• Microphone (hearing)
• Pressure sensor (Touching)

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Development of Robotics
Computer Processors become faster, cheaper and
smaller
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Applications of Robotics
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Working

• Robots are ideal for jobs that require
  repetitive, precise and dangerous movements
• They never get bored, sleepy, tired, and dont
  need salaries and food
• They are automobile and FAST!!
• Mostly work in factories, also in hospitals and
  for science purposes

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Working (examples)
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Playing

• Besides working, Robots are made into TOYS for
  funny purposes
• Involve Design challenges, coordinate sensors,
  artificial muscle, intelligent programming, and
  efficient use of power

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Playing (examples)
AIBO
ASIMO
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Exploring

• Going to places where mankind is not able to
  explore
• going out into the Space to get information
• going deep underground to carry out investigations

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Exploring (examples)
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Sensing

• Have different senses with suitable uses of
  sensors

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Thinking

• to follow the humans mind
• robotic "brains" are rule-based using
  microcomputers

Artificial Intelligence
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Can a robot learn?
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Problems with Robotics

• Robots can break and cause disasters
• Evil people may use robots for evil purposes
• Robots may be used in future wars
• Job displacement