Chapter 16 Section 4

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Chapter 16 Section 4

• America Moves Toward War

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I. The United States Musters Its Forces

• Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality
• September 1939, FDR wants to change the
  Neutrality Acts to a cash and carry policy
  countries pay cash for American arms and
  transport them on their own ships
• Help Britain France defeat Hitler, the U.S.
  does not have to get involved

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• B. The Axis Threat
• 1. Summer 1940, France had fallen to Hitler
• 2. Britain was under siege
• 3. Japan, Germany, Italy signed a mutual
  defense treaty to create the Axis Powers
• 4. Pact aimed at keeping the U.S. out of the war
  by stating if one country was attacked that they
  would all come to its defense.
• 5. June 1940, FDR sends all aid short of war

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• C. Building Americas Defenses
• 1. Roosevelt asks Congress to increase spending
  for national defense to improve our weak military
• 2. Enacted the first peacetime military draft
  under the Selective Training and Service Act

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• D. Roosevelts Reelection
• 1. Breaking the 2 term tradition (set by
  Washington) FDR decides to run for a 3rd term
• 2. Both candidates want to support Britain and
  stay out of the war.

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II. The Great Arsenal of Democracy

• During 1 of his fireside chats, President
  Roosevelt warned the country that if Britain fell
  that the Axis powers would be free to take over
  the world
• The Lend-Lease Plan
• 1. Lend-Lease Act1941 lend or lease any
  supplies to a country that was vital to the
  United States Britain and Soviet Union were the
  2 main countries to benefit

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• C. German Wolf Packs
• 1. For lend-lease to work, the supply lines had
  to be secure and open
• 2. Hitler sent hundreds of u-boats to the N.
  Atlantic to sink ships carrying lend-lease cargo
• 3. June 1941, Roosevelt ordered the U.S. Navy to
  protect lend-lease shipments, and gave the
  permission to attack u-boats in defense.
• 4. By late 1943, radar had help contain attacks

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III. Planning for War

• A. The Atlantic Charter
• 1. Roosevelt Churchill (Britain) met off the
  coast of Newfoundland.
• 2. Churchill wanted a commitment from the U.S.
  but instead got a document that seemed like a
  peace document.
• 3. Said that U.S. Britain would not seek
  territories, not pursue territorial changes
  without asking the inhabitants, allow people to
  choose their govts, promote free trade,
  encourage international cooperation, build a
  secure peace based on freedom, work for
  disarmament, establish a permanent system of
  general security
• 4. Called the Atlantic Charter (became the basis
  for the UN)

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• B. The Shooting Begins
• 1. Sept. 1941, the U.S. destroyer Greer was
  fired upon by Germans, FDR responded by saying
  that the Navy had been ordered to shoot on sight
• 2. 2 weeks later, the Pink Star, a merchant ship
  was sunk off Greenland.
• 3. Mid-October, U.S. destroyer Kearny was
  torpedoed and 11 lives lost
• 4. Few days later, U.S. destroyer Reuben James
  was sunk, killing at least 100 soldiers
• 5. Congress repealed a ban on arming merchant
  ships.

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IV. Japan Attacks the United States

• Japans Ambitions
• Japanese expansionists had dreamed of having an
  empire expand from China to Thailand Indonesia
• Expansion was not possible without conflict from
  colonial powers in the Pacific (France,
  Netherlands, Britain, U.S)
• With Europe fighting in WWII, the only country in
  Japans way was the U.S.

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• 4. Japanese start taking over colonies in 1941
• 5. U.S. reacts by cutting off all trade with
  Japan, including oil (which was needed to fuel
  its war machine)
• 6. Japan either needed to persuade the U.S. to
  lift the embargo, or seize the oil fields in the
  Dutch East Indies
• 7. In Oct. 1941, Hideki Tojo became prime
  minister of Japan.
• 8. Tojo met with Emperor Hirohito and promised to
  do everything to maintain peace with U.S. but if
  not able to, no other choice by war

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• 9. Nov. 5, 1941, the same day Tojo left for the
  U.S. he ordered the Japanese navy to prepare for
  an attack on the U.S.
• 10. U.S. had broken Japans secret code and knew
  they were preparing an attack, but didnt know
  where
• 11. Late November-FDR sent out a warning to HI,
  Guam, the Philippines
• 12. Peace talks went on for a month until Dec. 6,
  1941, when the president received a decoded
  message telling the peace envoy to reject all
  American proposals This means war FDR

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• B. The Attack on Pearl Harbor
• 1. December 7, 1941-More than 180 Japanese
  dive-bomber planes attacked Pearl Harbor, HI
  (largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific) for an
  hour and a half without interruption

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• 2. Japanese nearly crippled the U.S. Pacific
  Fleet sunk/damaged 21 ships, 350 planes
  damaged/destroyed, 2400 people died, and 1180
  wounded
• 3. More damage to the fleet than all of WWI
• 4. Next day, Roosevelt goes to Congress and
  gives Day of Infamy speech and asks Congress to
  declare war, Congress approved
• 5. 3 days later (December 11) Italy Germany
  declare war on U.S.

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Hear! The voice of the moment of death. Wake up,
you fools. The Inscription on the left in
Japanese
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Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - a date which will live
in infamy - the United States of America was
suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and
air forces of the Empire of Japan.The United
States was at peace with that nation and, at the
solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation
with the government and its emperor looking
toward the maintenance of peace in the
Pacific.Indeed, one hour after Japanese air
squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the
Japanese ambassador to the United States and his
colleagues delivered to the Secretary of State a
formal reply to a recent American message. While
this reply stated that it seemed useless to
continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it
contained no threat or hint of war or armed
attack.
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It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii
from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was
deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.
During the intervening time, the Japanese
government has deliberately sought to deceive the
United States by false statements and expressions
of hope for continued peace.The attack
yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused
severe damage to American naval and military
forces. Very many American lives have been lost.
In addition, American ships have been reported
torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco
and Honolulu.
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Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched
an attack against Malaya.Last night, Japanese
forces attacked Hong Kong.Last night, Japanese
forces attacked Guam.Last night, Japanese
forces attacked the Philippine Islands.Last
night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island.This
morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island.
Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise
offensive extending throughout the Pacific area.
The facts of yesterday speak for themselves. The
people of the United States have already formed
their opinions and well understand the
implications to the very life and safety of our
nation.As commander in chief of the Army and
Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken
for our defense.
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Always will we remember the character of the
onslaught against us.No matter how long it may
take us to overcome this premeditated invasion,
the American people in their righteous might will
win through to absolute victory.I believe I
interpret the will of the Congress and of the
people when I assert that we will not only defend
ourselves to the uttermost, but will make very
certain that this form of treachery shall never
endanger us again.Hostilities exist. There is
no blinking at the fact that that our people, our
territory and our interests are in grave
danger.With confidence in our armed forces -
with the unbounding determination of our people -
we will gain the inevitable triumph - so help us
God.I ask that the Congress declare that since
the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on
Sunday, Dec. 7, a state of war has existed
between the United States and the Japanese
empire.