NATIONALISM AND UNIFICATION

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NATIONALISM AND UNIFICATION
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Latin America

• Haiti (French Colony) inspired by Liberty,
  Equality, Fraternity
• 1791 Slave Revolt
• Toussiant LOuvertureex-slave became a leader
  and freed the slaves on the island of Hispaniola.
  French eventually captured and imprisoned him
  (died in 1803)

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South America(Venezuela)

• Simon Bolivarwealthy Creole in Venezuela who
  helped Venezuela declare independence from Spain

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Russia

• Russia in 1800s still struggling with its
  identity struggled with the challenges of
  modernization wanted to rid country of serfdom
  because it was a major hindrance to advancement

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Russia cont

• 1853Czar Nicholas I attempted to take over part
  of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War.
• Problem Russia was not modernized/advanced
  enough to challenge the Ottoman Empire

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Russia cont

• Alexander IImade it his mission to modernize and
  advance Russia
• Greatest accomplishment was emancipating the
  serfs in 1861
• Alexander II was assassinated in 1881

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Russia cont

• Alexander IIIdetermined to expand the planned
  reforms of his predecessor. By now,
  nationalism-pride and loyalty towards Russian
  people, was a major factor in Alex. III plan

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Russia cont

• Started a program called Russificationa plan
  to unite all Russian people (Russian language,
  church, etc.) harsh measures were used to force
  people to comply
• Jews were often targeted. Their lands and
  businesses were seized and they were forced into
  ghettos and were eventually massacred in the
  pogroms

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Austria-Hungary

• Mostly a German speaking kingdom, but there were
  other ethnic nationalities living there.
• Hoped that by uniting Austria and Hungary and the
  many nationalities it would make it a much more
  powerful nation

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Austria-Hungary cont

• 1867 Francis Joseph (Emperor of Austria)
  proclaimed a dual monarch Austria-Hungary. The 2
  empires were technically independent states in
  terms of parliaments, but Joseph was ruler of both

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Austria-Hungary cont

• Two sides were supposed to compliment each other
  and make the empire one of the strongest in
  Europe. Empire definitely one of the largest,
  but ironically the nationalism that united the
  empire eventually destroyed the empire and it
  officially disbanded at the end of WWI

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Italy

• Formed as a result of nationalism. Movement was
  known as Risorgimento in Italy (resurgence of
  nationalism which led to the unification of Italy)

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Italy cont

• Italy in 1815
• North controlled by Austria
• Spain controlled Sicily and South mainland
• Pope controlled most lands around Rome

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Italy cont

• 1832 process begins to unite due to nationalism
• Giuseppe Mazzini (26 years old)Young Italyno
  one older than 40 . Nationalist Group

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Italy cont

• 1848year of many revolutions throughout the
  Italian peninsula
• Most of the revolutions failed
• One success story was in Sardinia where the 1848
  revolution had brought a liberal constitution

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Italy cont

• 1852 Sardinias King Victor Emmanuel II named
  Camillo di Cavour as Prime Minister
• Cavour will be able to expand Sardinias power
  and influence and became an instrumental leader
  in Italian unification

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Italy cont

• Process of unification
• 1 To secure the north he had to remove Austrian
  influencehe allied w/France and the 2 defeated
  Austriathey received everything but Venetia

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Italy cont

• 2 The south was secured by Giuseppe Garibaldi
  and the Red Shirts. Garibaldi secured Sicily and
  then the southern mainland. Garibaldi then
  united the southern regions w/the kingdom of
  Sardinia

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Italy cont

• 3 Venetia was incorporated in 1866 when they
  (Italy) sided in the Seven Weeks War

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Italy cont

• 4 Papal Stateslands governed by the PopeRome
  came under Italian control. Rome became the
  capital. The Pope refused to surrender the lands
  immediately surrounding his home and those lands
  became known as Vatican City

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Problems with Unification

• Rivalries btwn industrial north/agricultural
  south
• Different dialects
• Economic problemsstrikes, riots, heavy
  taxespoor country

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German Unification

• Prussia will lead the way
• Process
• 1-N. German Confederation created at the Congress
  of Vienna
• 2-Zollverein (economic union) created in 1834
• 3-Wilhelm I became king of Prussia in 1861
  appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister
• Wilhelm and Bismarck supported by the Junkers
  (wealthy Landowners

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German Unification cont..

• 4-Bismarcks strategies
• Realpolitik
• 3 wars used to unite Germany

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Bismarcks Plan

• RealpolitikRealistic Politics do whatever is
  necessary
• 1-increase the army
• Reduce Austrias influence
• Unite the rest of the German states under
  Prussian rule
• Use 3 wars to accomplish plan

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3 Wars

• Danish War (Used to set Austria up) Prussia
  fought the Danes because they ruled over the
  territories of Schleswig and Holstein. Schleswig
  had large German population. Prussia persuaded
  Austria to fight against the Danes (Denmark).
  After 3 months, Denmark surrendered and Prussia
  convinced Austria to let tem have Schleswig and
  Austria took Holstein.

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3 Wars cont

• 7 Weeks War (Used to eliminate Austria) Prussia
  made alliances with everyone to isolate Austria.
  Prussia invaded Holstein and got Austria to
  declare war on Prussia. Austria lost. Prussia
  got Holstein, Italy got Venetia, and Austria
  removed from the North German Confederation.

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3 Wars cont

• Franco-Prussian War Used to complete
  unification and bring in S. German states
• France worried that a Hohenzollern would take
  throne of Spain to surround France. Meeting took
  place. Bismarck altered a telegram insulting the
  French.

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3 Wars cont

• Franco-Prussian War The French declared war on
  Prussia. The Fr. Would march through the south to
  get to Prussiaso the S. German states had to
  unite w/Prussia
• Unification complete 1871!!!

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3 Wars cont

• Wilhelm I Kaiser
• Bismarck Chancellor
• Berlin Capital
• German Empire had a constitution w/democracy!!!