Why do you go to class each day

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Motivation and Emotion

• Why do you go to class each day?
• Why did you pick out those shoes or those pants
  to wear today?

By ChaNik Grant, Rose Leng Chris Prince
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Motivation

• A motive is a directing force thatenergizes the
  individual and directshis/her behavior towards a
  goal
• Hunger
• Sex
• Thirst
• Need for achievement

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Theories of Motivation
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Drive Reduction Theory ? A need is one of our
requirements for survival, such as food, water,
or shelter? A drive is our impulse to act in a
way that satisfies this need

• Primary Drives
• ?biological needs (thirst)
• Secondary Drives
• ?learned drives (learning to satisfy our
  needs getting water when thirsty)
• Maintain homeostasis
• ?a balanced internal sate

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Arousal Theory

• We seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal
• Each of us have different arousal levels and are
  motivated by different activities to achieve
  satisfaction
• We may perform well at an easy task with high
  levels of arousal but at the same level would
  prevent us from performing well on a difficult
  task

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Incentive Theory
? Stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning
we learn to associate some stimuli with rewards
and others with punishment and we are motivated
to find the rewards
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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• Maslow stated that not all needs are created
  equal a hierarchy of needs predicts which needs
  we will be motivated to satisfy first
• Levels of Hierarchy of Needs
• Self actualization needs to fulfill your unique
  potential
• Esteem needs to achieve and to gain approval and
  recognition
• Belongingness and love needs to be accepted and
  belong
• Safety needs to feel safe, secure, and out of
  danger
• Physiological needs to satisfy drives for
  hunger, thirst, and sex

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Hunger Motivation
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Some people eat even when their body has enough
food, and some people do not eat when their body
needs nourishment Hunger involves
biological, psychological, and social factors
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Biological Factors
We report feeling hungry when our stomach is
empty and contracts and full when our stomach
feels full The hypothalamus monitors and helps to
control body chemistry and makes us feel hungry
when we need to eat Lateral Hypothalamus?
stimulated to cause one to eat Ventromedial
Hypothalamus? causes one to stop eating when
stimulated When the hypothalamus functions
correctly it signals impulses to eat and stop
eating at appropriate times Set point theory?
describes how the hypothalamus might decide what
impulse to send Metabolic rate? how quickly our
body uses energy
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Psychological Factors
Some of us are more motivated to eat by external
food cues, such as attractiveness or availability
of food Others that are internals, are less
affected by the presence and presentation of food
and respond more often to internal hunger
cues Culture and background effect our food
preferences If in the past weve had a bad
experience with a food, itll bring back bad
memories and make us not want to eat it Eating
Disorders Bulimia- You eat large amounts of food
in a short amount of time and then get rid of the
food by vomiting, excessive exercise or the use
of laxatives Anorexia-obsessing about weight and
starving yourself Obesity-diagnosed with obesity
(severely overweight) unhealthy habits
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Sexual Motivation

• Vital for the continuation of any species
• Primary tasks for most living organisms is
  reproduction
• Sexual Response Cycle
• 4 stages Initial excitementgenital areas become
  engorged with blood, penis becomes erect,
  clitoris swells, respiration and heart rate
  increase, Plateau Phaserespiration and heart
  rate continue at an elevated level, genitals
  secrete fluids in preparation for coitus,
  Orgasmrhythmic contractions that help
  conception, increase in heart rate, males
  ejaculate, accompanied by pleasurable euphoria,
  and Resolution Phaserespiration and heart rate
  return to normal resting states, men refract and
  must elapse before another orgasm, women can
  repeat immediately

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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation- rewards that we get for
accomplishments from outside ourselves Intrinsic
Motivation- rewards we get internally, such as
enjoyment or satisfaction
Motives that conflict
Approach-approach conflict- occurs when you must
choose between two desirable outcomes Avoidance-av
oidance conflict- occurs when one event or goal
has both attractive and unattractive
features Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts-
you must choose between two or more things, each
of which has both desirable and undesirable
features
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Theories about Emotion
James-Lange Theory- describes that we feel
emotion because of biological changes caused by
stress Cannon-Bard Theory- similar physiological
changed correspond with drastically different
emotional states- thought that the thalamus is
responsible for both the biological change and
the cognitive awareness of emotions Two-Factor
Theory Stanley Schacters two-factor theory
explains that both our physical responses and our
cognitive labels combine to cause any particular
emotional response Two-factor theory demonstrates
that emotion depends on the interaction between
biology and cognition
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Stress
? Term stress can refer to either certain life
events or how we react to these changes in the
environment
Seyle's General Adaption Syndrome

• Describes the general response animals, and
  humans have to a stressful event
• Stages
• Alarm Reaction- Heart rate increases, blood is
  diverted away from other body functions to
  muscles needed to react
• Resistance- the body remains physiologically
  ready. Hormones are released to maintain this
  state of readiness
• Exhaustion- the parasympathetic nervous system
  returns to our physiological state to normal