DETERMINATION OF OLD AND NEW DEFORMATIONS AT KUCUK AYA SOFYA LITTLE HAGIA SOPHIA MOSQUE IN ISTANBUL

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DETERMINATION OF OLD AND NEW DEFORMATIONS AT
KUCUK AYA SOFYA (LITTLE HAGIA SOPHIA ) MOSQUE IN
ISTANBUL BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS AND AN
ATTEMPT OF THEIR INTERPRETATION
Halis TEKIN 010000808
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• ABSTRACT
• Scientists of Darmstadt University of
  Technology and Yildiz Technical University(YTU)
  have coorperated in order to analyse the Kucuk
  Aya Sofya Mosque in Istanbul.It is one of the
  oldest and most important still existing
  buildings of byzantine era.There are lots of
  cracks in the building and the geometry of the
  whole dome was checked with photogrammetric
  method between 1979 and 2002.The result of the
  deformation analyses are discussed and shown in
  this work.

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1.INTRODUCTION

• Kucuk Aya Sofya Mosque (KAM) is called after
  the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and it was
  changed into a mosque from a church.KAM is in a
  very poor condition today and if something are
  not done for its restoration there will be a real
  risk.YTU and Technical University Darmstadt have
  worked by using geodetic and photogrammetric
  methods for this reason.
• One of the major problems is that there is a
  railway which is along the South side of the
  building in a very short distance of only a few
  meters.Traffic and vibrations act is very heavy
  today.On the other hand there is a compression of
  the soil beneath the rails such a compression may
  disturbs the situation of the groundwater
  espacially the drain off.This situation and the
  compression of the soil are reasonable for
  problems concerning the groundwater.

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2.IMAGES AS A RECORD OF CHANGES

• There are three examples here
• The first example gives an impression of the
  integration of the KAM into a general
  architectonical situation.After changing the
  church into a mosque some Islamic architectonic
  elements were appended like minaret,tomb,a square
  with Medrese and fountain for the washing.But now
  ,these have been changed.For examplethe Medrese
  is some tourist-shops.Some parts were rebuilt or
  reorganized.
• In the second example is an orthophoto of the
  North wall of KAM generated by some
  photogrammetric images.This orthophoto shows 1500
  years of changing,repairing of promblems and
  damages.There we can find some evident hints to
  conclude that the building entrances have
  changed.
• The third example gives various cracks in the
  octagonal centre of the building.There are most
  important cracks which are named A,B and C cracks
  have been opened more than 1 cm for 20 years.

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3.OLD DEFORMATIONS

• Some photogrammetric studies suggested that the
  whole apsed of KAM is declined due to the
  vertical ,so some images were measured and a
  bundle adjustment was calculated and then the
  direction of each pillar was photogrammetrically
  checked using vertical plumb lines.Some images of
  each pillar were measured and the results are
  shown in figure 11.

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4.NEW DEFORMATIONS

• Cracks has grown and this situation give us
  some reason for trying to analyse the deformation
  of the whole dome of the KAM by using existing
  photogrammetric images.We can see image of dome
  of KAM in figure 12 and visualization of laser
  measurements in figure 13.For geting the searched
  information of the deformation of the dome we
  have measured and calculated 20 images of a
  bundle block taken in 1979 by using camera TMK
  Carl Zeiss,ck60mm,format9cm-12cm,and 35 images
  of a bundle block taken in 2002 by using camera
  Pentax 67,ck105mm,format6cm-7cm.
• Some points in the ornament were connected
  with a three dimensional geodetic network with an
  overall precision of -/3 mm in 1979 and in this
  year bundle block with a precision of -/ 2mm was
  in the free adjustment with s-transformation to
  the geodetic points.there was no change of the
  precesion of the 2002-bundle block 3D deformation
  vectors were projected to the xy-plane in figure
  14 and xz-plane in figure 15.Cracks of A and B
  had moved about 1 cm in direction of the apse
  before the whole apse seems to be out of
  balance.The height of the dome had sagged about
  2cm.

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5.DOCUMENTATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES

• The last big earthquake ,called Izmit-
• earthquake in Turkey,gave additional
• damages which can be seen in figure 16in
• KAM, and difference is compared in figure
• 17 between in 1908,in 1979 and in 1999.

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6.CONCLUSIONS

• Saving KAMs function is very important and the
  necessary restoration works are in
  stognation.Scientific answer must be to collect
  and distribute all existing information of KAM
  ,the old idea of a complete and usable building
  information system must be recalled.